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Questions and Answers
What principle explains why a heterozygous parent has black and white speckled feathers?
What principle explains why a heterozygous parent has black and white speckled feathers?
What is the correct genotype for the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous parents (Yy * yY)?
What is the correct genotype for the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous parents (Yy * yY)?
Which statement accurately describes a karyotype?
Which statement accurately describes a karyotype?
What is the phenotypic expression of the offspring produced by two homozygous recessive parents (pp * pp)?
What is the phenotypic expression of the offspring produced by two homozygous recessive parents (pp * pp)?
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Down's syndrome is caused by:
Down's syndrome is caused by:
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Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype?
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What is the most likely consequence of a harmful mutation?
What is the most likely consequence of a harmful mutation?
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Which of the following is an example of an aneuploidy?
Which of the following is an example of an aneuploidy?
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Which mating system aims to increase homozygosity within a breed?
Which mating system aims to increase homozygosity within a breed?
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What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a goat?
What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a goat?
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Which of the following is a prerequisite for domestication?
Which of the following is a prerequisite for domestication?
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What is the primary goal of crossbreeding in livestock?
What is the primary goal of crossbreeding in livestock?
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Which chromosomal variation involves the transfer of a chromosome part to another chromosome?
Which chromosomal variation involves the transfer of a chromosome part to another chromosome?
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Study Notes
Genotype and Phenotype
- Genotype predicts phenotype: The genotype of the parents can be used to predict the phenotype of the offspring.
- Homozygous recessive offspring: Offspring with a homozygous recessive genotype, like pp, will exhibit the corresponding recessive phenotype.
Mendel's Principles
- Principle of dominance: One trait often masks another.
- Principle of segregation: Each parent contributes one factor (gene) for each trait.
- Principle of independent assortment: Different traits are inherited independently.
Sex Chromosomes
- Birds and mammals have different sex chromosome patterns.
- Birds: the sex chromosomes of birds are similar, mammals have different chromosomes for males and females.
Genotype Manipulation
- Animal breeding can impact an animal's genotype.
Karyotype
- A complete set of chromosomes is a karyotype.
- Most body cells have a diploid number of chromosomes.
Chromosome Separation during Meiosis
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is caused by a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate normally. This happens during the process of meiosis.
Predicting Offspring Genotypes
- The genotypes of parents can be used to predict the phenotypes of offspring.
- Crossing heterozygous parents (e.g., Yy x Yy) can result in offspring with various genotypes.
Codominance
- Heterozygous chickens with black and white speckled feathers are an example of codominance.
Phenotype Influences
- Many factors influence animal phenotypes, beyond just genotype.
- Environmental influences also impact an organism's phenotype.
Gametogenesis
- Gametogenesis is the formation of sex cells.
Genetic Disorders
- Only changes in chromosome structure can sometimes cause genetic disorders.
- The embryo has the diploid number of chromosomes.
Mutations
- Harmful mutations can cause death because they make the organism less able to survive.
Animal Phenotype Examples
- Examples of phenotypes include eye color, hair color, height, and length of tail.
Genotype Information
- Karotyping is used to determine the number of chromosomes and their structure.
Characteristics of Chromosomes
- Chromosomes can be categorized by their centromere position (e.g., metacentric, acrocentric).
Mating Systems
- Methods such as inbreeding and outbreeding can be used to increase or decrease the homozygosity of animals.
- Domestication converts wild animals into domestic ones, often altering traits.
Domestication Prerequisites
- Animal domestication requires criteria like the ability to adapt to new foods and environments.
Breeding Goals
- Crossbreeding or grading up are methods used to introduce helpful traits into commercial breeds of livestock.
Animal Breeding Effects
- Animal breeding can lead to effects on health and productivity such as bone fractures in chickens.
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Description
Test your knowledge on genotypes, phenotypes, and Mendelian principles in genetics. This quiz covers topics like sex chromosomes, genotype manipulation, karyotypes, and chromosome separation during meiosis. Perfect for students studying genetics and heredity.
