Genetics Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the genetic code consist of?

  • Strings of amino acids
  • Strings of protein chains
  • Strings of RNA letters (AUCG)
  • Strings of DNA letters (ATCG) (correct)

    • All amino acids are coded for by only one specific codon.

    False

    What is a genome?

    The entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell.

    In polygenic inheritance, traits are determined by more than one ______.

    <p>gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of genetic inheritance with their descriptions:

    <p>Monogenic inheritance = Determines a trait by one gene Polygenic inheritance = Determines a trait by multiple genes Multifactorial inheritance = Influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation involves the replacement of a base in the DNA sequence?

    <p>Substitution mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deletion mutations can cause a frameshift when bases are removed in multiples of 3.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of large mutations on genes?

    <p>They can involve the amplification or deletion of large sections of DNA or cause gene movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The addition of a _____ group to a DNA base is an example of an epigenetic change.

    <p>methyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a frameshift mutation?

    <p>It may lead to a completely different protein sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of mutations with their descriptions:

    <p>Substitution mutation = Replacement of a base in the DNA sequence Deletion mutation = Removal of one or more bases from the DNA sequence Insertion mutation = Addition of one or more bases to the DNA sequence Epigenetics = Heritable changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epigenetic modifications can be inherited and may affect gene expression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen when large sections of a chromosome are deleted?

    <p>It can result in the inactivation of genes or change gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic structure of DNA composed of?

    <p>Nucleotides that pair with hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transcription involves the enzyme DNA polymerase converting RNA into genes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutations can be inherited?

    <p>Inherited mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, RNA is read in __________, with each codon encoding a single amino acid.

    <p>codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>DNA = The genetic material that encodes genes RNA = The molecule that is transcribed from DNA Codons = Triplets of bases that specify amino acids Ribosome = The site of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of epigenetic effects?

    <p>They influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The strands of DNA run in the same direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces thymine (T) in RNA during transcription?

    <p>Uracil (U)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A specific section of DNA that makes a gene is referred to as a __________.

    <p>locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which base is NOT found in RNA?

    <p>Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes having two of the same alleles?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause epigenetic changes?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monogenic inheritance involves the interaction of multiple genes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epigenetic changes permanently alter the DNA sequence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

    <p>Genotype refers to the genetic information (e.g., HH or Hh), while phenotype refers to how this information manifests (e.g., flower color).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RNA polymerase?

    <p>To transcribe DNA into RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traits carried on any chromosome other than X and Y are known as __________ traits.

    <p>autosomal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Alleles = Alternative forms of the same gene Heterozygous = Having two different alleles Dominant = An allele that can mask the effect of another Recessive = An allele that is masked by a dominant allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epigenetic changes can affect how the body reads a _____ sequence.

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mendelian inheritance primarily describe?

    <p>Inheritance involving one gene and two alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Gene = A section of DNA that encodes a protein Mutation = A change in the DNA sequence Epigenetics = Study of changes in gene expression without altering DNA Transcription = The process of converting DNA into RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    X-linked traits are carried on the Y chromosome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition has been suggested to be influenced by epigenetic factors?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who first described the principles of Mendelian inheritance?

    <p>Gregor Mendel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory of trauma can be inherited through epigenetic changes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of mutations mentioned in the content?

    <p>Germline and somatic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Review core genetics issues, including nucleotide bases, codons, genes, DNA, and RNA.
    • Understand Mendelian genetics, covering autosomal and X-linked traits, and dominant/recessive inheritance patterns.
    • Explore complex patterns of inheritance.
    • Define mutations, distinguishing between inherited and somatic types.
    • Differentiate between genetic and epigenetic effects and their significance in genetics.

    Basic Structure of DNA

    • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) consists of specific nucleotide bases paired through hydrogen bonds, forming a double helix structure.
    • The DNA strands run antiparallel, meaning they run in opposite directions.
    • A DNA sequence is typically represented from the 5' to 3' direction.

    Genetics Core Concepts

    • DNA encodes genes, with transcription where RNA polymerase converts DNA into RNA (replacing thymine with uracil).
    • Translation occurs when ribosomes read RNA codons, converting them into proteins, each codon representing a specific amino acid.

    The Genetic Code

    • The genetic code comprises strings of DNA letters (A, T, C, G), which are converted into RNA letters (A, U, C, G).
    • Codons (triplets of bases) dictate the amino acid sequences, with multiple codons potentially coding for the same amino acid, indicating redundancy.

    Genome

    • The genome refers to the complete set of DNA instructions within a cell, stored in chromosomes, excluding red blood cells.
    • Gene expression can vary across different cell types and tissues.

    Genetic Inheritance

    • Monogenic inheritance involves single genes determining traits (Mendelian).
    • Polygenic inheritance results from multiple genes influencing traits, leading to continuous variation (e.g., skin color).
    • Multifactorial inheritance results from interplay between multiple genes and environmental factors, like height.

    Genetic Inheritance Terms

    • Genotype: The genetic makeup (e.g., homozygous, heterozygous).
    • Phenotype: The observable traits (e.g., flower color).
    • Alleles: Different forms of the same gene located at specific chromosomes.
    • Autosomal traits are located on chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes (X, Y).

    Genetic Mutations

    • Substitution mutations replace a base pair, affecting genetic code and resulting protein.
    • Deletion and insertion mutations can shift amino acid sequences, potentially causing frameshifts.
    • Larger mutations may involve significant portions of DNA or entire genes, leading to deletions or amplifications that can change gene expression.

    Epigenetics

    • Epigenetics studies heritable traits not solely explained by genetic sequences, focusing on modifications to DNA structure (e.g., methylation).
    • Environmental factors can induce epigenetic changes, influencing genetic expression and potentially transmitting traits across generations.
    • Research suggests that experiences, such as trauma, may have heritable components through epigenetic mechanisms.

    Summary Points

    • The genome is the complete DNA set, while DNA consists of nucleotides forming genes.
    • Transcription and translation processes are essential for gene expression, resulting in protein synthesis.
    • Different types of genetic inheritance, including Mendelian and complex traits, all contribute to phenotypic variation.
    • Mutations can occur in various forms, and epigenetic changes, while reversible, do not alter DNA sequences but can impact their interpretation by the body.

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    Genes 1 structure of the chromosome, revision patterns of inheritance - Dr Charlotte Illsely (2024-25).pptx

    Description

    Test your understanding of core genetics concepts including DNA structure, Mendelian inheritance, and mutations. This quiz covers key topics such as nucleotide bases, genes, and the principles of genetic variation.

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