Genetics Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the set of alleles that an individual has called?

genotype

What do the letters outside the Punnett square represent?

gamete genotype

Which of the following are X-linked recessive diseases? (Select all that apply)

Cystic fibrosis

Color blindness (correct)

Muscular dystrophy (correct)

Hemophilia (correct)

Which of the following are types of pedigree diseases? (Select all that apply)

X-linked recessive Signup and view all the answers

What is the universal donor blood type?

O Signup and view all the answers

What is the universal acceptor blood type?

AB Signup and view all the answers

What is heredity?

Passing of traits from parents to offspring Signup and view all the answers

What is a hybrid?

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

Haploid reproductive cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a purebred organism?

An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait Signup and view all the answers

What does the field of genetics study?

Heredity Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait Signup and view all the answers

What does phenotype refer to?

An organism's physical appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is a dominant allele?

An allele that is always expressed Signup and view all the answers

What is self-pollination?

When pollen fertilizes the egg cells in the same flower Signup and view all the answers

What is an allele?

An alternative form of a gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic makeup of an organism called?

Genotype Signup and view all the answers

What does heterozygous mean?

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene Signup and view all the answers

What is cross pollination?

A reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant Signup and view all the answers

What is dominance in genetics?

The tendency of certain alleles to mask the expression of their corresponding recessive alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is homozygous?

Both alleles are the same Signup and view all the answers

What is a trait?

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring Signup and view all the answers

What is a recessive allele?

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present Signup and view all the answers

What is probability in genetics?

A number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur Signup and view all the answers

What is nondisjunction?

When chromosomes fail to separate resulting in an unequal number of chromosomes between cells Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes?

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure Signup and view all the answers

What is a Punnett square?

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles from a genetic cross Signup and view all the answers

What is co-dominance?

When both phenotypes appear in heterozygous individuals Signup and view all the answers

What does polygenic mean?

The combined effect of two or more genes on a single character Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genetics Basics

Genotype refers to the complete set of alleles in an individual, influencing traits and characteristics.
A gamete genotype represents the genetic makeup of sex cells, denoted by letters outside the Punnett square.

X-Linked Recessive Diseases

Common X-linked recessive diseases include color blindness, male pattern baldness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, and ALD (Lorenzo's disease).

Types of Pedigree Diseases

Pedigree analysis identifies four main types of inheritance:
- X-linked recessive (Xd)
- X-linked dominant (XD)
- Autosomal recessive (d)
- Autosomal dominant (D)

Blood Type Classifications

Universal donor blood type is O, which can be given to any recipient without compatibility issues.
Universal acceptor blood type is AB, capable of receiving blood from any type.

Fundamental Concepts in Heredity

Heredity is the process through which traits are passed from parents to offspring.
A hybrid organism possesses two different alleles for a trait, combining dominant and recessive forms.

Reproductive Cells and Traits

Gametes are the haploid reproductive cells essential for sexual reproduction.
Purebred organisms consistently produce offspring with identical traits, categorized as homozygous dominant or recessive.

Overview of Genetics

Genetics is a biological field dedicated to studying heredity and the variation of inherited traits.
A gene is a specific DNA segment on a chromosome responsible for coding a particular trait.

Expression of Traits

Phenotype describes the observable physical appearance of an organism, influenced by genotype.
Dominant alleles are traits that are expressed regardless of the presence of other alleles.

Pollination Methods

Self-pollination occurs when a flower's pollen fertilizes its own ovules, producing genetically uniform seeds.
Cross-pollination involves pollen transfer from one plant to the stigma of another, promoting genetic diversity.

Alleles and Fates

An allele is an alternative form of a gene, leading to variations in traits.
Genotype reflects the genetic composition of an organism, which can be homozygous (identical alleles) or heterozygous (different alleles).

Probability and Genetic Outcomes

Probability represents the likelihood of an event occurring, crucial for predicting genetic outcomes in hybrid crosses.

Chromosomal Behavior

Nondisjunction refers to the failure of chromosomes to separate properly, resulting in cells with an abnormal chromosome number, exemplified by Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).
Homologous chromosomes share identical gene sequences and structures, crucial for genetic stability.

Punnett Squares and Genetics

A Punnett square is a tool used to visualize all possible allele combinations from a genetic cross, facilitating the prediction of offspring traits.

Advanced Genetic Concepts

Co-dominance occurs when both phenotypes are expressed equally in a heterozygous individual, illustrated by blood type AB from type A and B crosses.
Polygenic traits arise from the combined effects of multiple genes, demonstrating the complexity of heredity.

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Description

Test your knowledge of genetics with these flashcards covering important concepts like genotype, gamete genotype, and X-linked recessive diseases. Each card provides concise definitions to enhance your understanding of genetic terminology. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in learning genetics.