Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the study of heredity called?
What is the study of heredity called?
- Evolution
- Genetics (correct)
- Biology
- Zoology
What occurs during fertilization?
What occurs during fertilization?
Sperm enters egg
True-breeding genotypes are always heterozygous.
True-breeding genotypes are always heterozygous.
False (B)
What is a trait?
What is a trait?
What defines a hybrid organism?
What defines a hybrid organism?
What is an allele?
What is an allele?
What is the Law of Segregation?
What is the Law of Segregation?
Define a gamete.
Define a gamete.
What is the probability in genetics?
What is the probability in genetics?
What is a Punnett square?
What is a Punnett square?
What does homozygous mean?
What does homozygous mean?
What does heterozygous mean?
What does heterozygous mean?
What is a phenotype?
What is a phenotype?
Define genotype.
Define genotype.
What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
Incomplete dominance means one allele is completely dominant over the other.
Incomplete dominance means one allele is completely dominant over the other.
Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally.
Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally.
What are multiple alleles?
What are multiple alleles?
What are polygenic traits?
What are polygenic traits?
Define homologous chromosomes.
Define homologous chromosomes.
What does diploid mean?
What does diploid mean?
What does haploid mean?
What does haploid mean?
What is meiosis?
What is meiosis?
Define a tetrad.
Define a tetrad.
What is crossing-over?
What is crossing-over?
What is a gene map?
What is a gene map?
What is selective breeding?
What is selective breeding?
What is hybridization?
What is hybridization?
What is inbreeding?
What is inbreeding?
Define genetic engineering.
Define genetic engineering.
What is a clone?
What is a clone?
What is a karyotype?
What is a karyotype?
What are sex chromosomes?
What are sex chromosomes?
Define an autosome.
Define an autosome.
What is a pedigree?
What is a pedigree?
What is a sex-linked gene?
What is a sex-linked gene?
What is nondisjunction?
What is nondisjunction?
What is gel electrophoresis?
What is gel electrophoresis?
What is a restriction enzyme?
What is a restriction enzyme?
What is recombinant DNA?
What is recombinant DNA?
What is a DNA fingerprint?
What is a DNA fingerprint?
Flashcards
Genetics
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity, focusing on genes and their roles in inheritance.
Fertilization
Fertilization
The biological process where sperm enters the egg, crucial for mammalian reproduction.
True-breeding organisms
True-breeding organisms
Organisms that are homozygous for a specific trait, consistently producing offspring with identical phenotypes.
Trait
Trait
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hybrid organism
Hybrid organism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alleles
Alleles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gametes
Gametes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Probability in genetics
Probability in genetics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Punnett square
Punnett square
Signup and view all the flashcards
Homozygous individuals
Homozygous individuals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heterozygous individuals
Heterozygous individuals
Signup and view all the flashcards
Phenotype
Phenotype
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genotype
Genotype
Signup and view all the flashcards
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Codominance
Codominance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Multiple alleles
Multiple alleles
Signup and view all the flashcards
Polygenic traits
Polygenic traits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diploid organisms
Diploid organisms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Haploid organisms
Haploid organisms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Meiosis
Meiosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tetrads
Tetrads
Signup and view all the flashcards
Crossing-over
Crossing-over
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gene map
Gene map
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cloning
Cloning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Karyotype
Karyotype
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Autosomes
Autosomes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pedigree
Pedigree
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sex-linked genes
Sex-linked genes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant DNA technology
Signup and view all the flashcards
DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Genetics Terminology
- Genetics is the scientific study of heredity, focusing on genes and their roles in inheritance.
- Fertilization is the biological process where sperm enters the egg, crucial for mammalian reproduction.
- True-breeding organisms are homozygous for a trait, consistently producing offspring with identical phenotypes.
- A trait is a specific characteristic passed from parents to offspring through genes, such as freckles.
Genetic Variations
- A hybrid organism possesses two different alleles for a given trait, leading to diverse characteristics like in grapefruits.
- Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that contribute to variations in traits; they are found in non-sex-linked genes.
- The Law of Segregation, proposed by Mendel, describes how homologous chromosome pairs separate during meiosis, allowing for genetic diversity in gametes.
Gametes and Probability
- Gametes are haploid cells, like eggs and sperm, essential for sexual reproduction and fertilization.
- Probability in genetics refers to the likelihood of an offspring inheriting a specific trait, often represented in pedigree projects.
- A Punnett square is a tool that visually represents the possible allele combinations from a genetic cross.
Genotypic and Phenotypic Concepts
- Homozygous individuals have identical alleles, while heterozygous individuals carry different alleles for the same gene.
- Phenotype refers to the observable physical traits of an organism, while genotype indicates its genetic makeup.
Mendelian Laws
- The Law of Independent Assortment states allele pairs separate independently during gamete formation, contributing to genetic variation.
- Incomplete dominance occurs when neither parental allele is completely dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype.
- Codominance arises when both alleles are expressed equally, exemplified by certain patterns in co-captain traits.
Genetic Complexity
- Multiple alleles refer to the presence of three or more alleles for a single gene, increasing trait variability.
- Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes, encompassing characteristics like human eye and hair color.
- Homologous chromosomes have identical genetic information, crucial for accurate cell division.
Chromosomes and Cell Division
- Diploid organisms possess two sets of chromosomes, such as humans with 46 chromosomes, while haploid organisms have one set, like gametes with 23 chromosomes.
- Meiosis is the process where one cell divides to form four unique haploid cells, crucial for sexual reproduction.
- Tetrads consist of paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis, facilitating genetic recombination through crossing-over.
Genetic Technologies
- Crossing-over is the exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.
- A gene map displays the locations of genes on chromosomes, aiding in genetic research and mapping efforts.
- Genetic engineering involves altering an organism's DNA code to achieve desired traits or functions.
Cloning and Identification
- Cloning refers to creating copies of DNA or entire organisms, particularly in agricultural and medical research.
- A karyotype is a diagram showing chromosome pairs arranged by size and shape, used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.
- Sex chromosomes determine an organism's gender, while autosomes are all other chromosomes not involved in sex determination.
Genetic Disorders and Techniques
- A pedigree is a family tree that illustrates the inheritance of a genetic trait across several generations.
- Sex-linked genes are found on sex chromosomes, influencing traits such as color blindness.
- Nondisjunction refers to errors in meiosis where chromosomes fail to separate, leading to disorders like Down syndrome.
Molecular Techniques
- Gel electrophoresis separates and analyzes DNA fragments, a key technique for forensic and genetic studies.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, critical for genetic engineering and DNA analysis.
- Recombinant DNA technology combines DNA from different organisms, allowing for advances in biotechnology.
- DNA fingerprinting is a method for identifying individuals based on their unique base-pair patterns, widely used in forensic science.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in genetics, including key terms like heredity, fertilization, and genetic variations. Explore the roles of alleles and the Law of Segregation in understanding biological inheritance and diversity. Test your knowledge of these essential principles that form the basis of genetic science.
