24 Questions
Which type of Anthrax affects the respiratory system?
Pulmonary anthrax
On which type of agar does Salmonella grow?
Desoxycholate agar
Which carbohydrates can Salmonella ferment?
Mannitol
Which antigens are found in Enterobacteriaceae?
All of above
What does the term 'Heterozygous' refer to?
An individual with different alleles for a gene
What toxins does E. coli secrete?
Heat labile toxin
Which antigens does Klebsiella have?
K antigen
What is the 'Segregation Principle'?
The separation of two alleles during the formation of gametes
What acid is produced by Lactobacillus when fermenting sugars?
Lactic acid
What are 'Reciprocal crosses'?
Crosses in which the phenotypes of male and female parents are reversed
What diseases can Serratia cause?
All of them
What does the term 'Phenocopies' describe?
Traits that result from environmental conditions mimicking genetic conditions
Which statement about recessive traits is accurate?
They are masked by dominant traits
Which method is the most important for classifying and identifying Streptococci?
Agglutination using antisera against the cell wall group specific substance
Which diagnostic method is least sensitive for detecting colitis caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli?
Culture on sorbitol MacConkey agar
Which characteristic distinguishes Enterococci from nonenterococcal group D streptococci?
Growth in 6.5% NaCl
Which enzymes do not need water for reactions?
Lyases
What is the important nutrient for bacterial techoic acid?
PO4
Which bacterial group cannot grow at temperatures less than 55°C?
Thermophiles
Which metabolic pathway is used by bacteria but not by eukaryotes?
Entner-Doudoroff
Which of the following are storage inclusions in bacteria?
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Which of the following statements about penicillins is NOT true?
Penicillins don't require dosage adjustment in renal failure
Which of the following antibiotics is NOT considered a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor?
Chloramphenicol
Which of the following antibiotics functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor?
Tetracycline
Study Notes
Genetics Terminology
- Heterozygous: Having two different alleles of a gene
- Segregation Principle: Each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- Reciprocal crosses: Breeding experiments involving two parents with different alleles
- Phenocopies: Environmental factors that mimic genetic effects
- Recessive: An allele that is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele
Inheritance and Breeding
- Pedigree analysis: Studying family relationships to understand inheritance patterns
- Polygenic inheritance: Multiple genes influencing a single trait
- Co-dominance: Both alleles are expressed equally
- Incomplete dominance: One allele is not completely dominant over the other
Microbiology
- Streptococci classification: Uses agglutination with antisera against cell wall group specific substance
- Escherichia coli diagnosis: Uses toxin testing, cell culture cytotoxin assay, and polymerase chain reaction
- Heat-labile toxin of ETEC: Acts by activating adenylyl cyclase
- Enterococci characteristics: Esculin hydrolysis, growth in 6.5% NaCl, and growth in the presence of bile
Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways
- Transferases: Enzymes that don't require water for reactions
- Isomerases: Enzymes that catalyze isomerization reactions
- Ligases: Enzymes that form covalent bonds between molecules
- Enter-Doudoroff pathway: Used by bacteria, but not eukaryotes
Bacterial Growth and Inclusions
- Thermophiles: Bacteria that grow optimally at high temperatures (>55°C)
- Storage inclusions: Include carboxysomes, polyhydroxyalkonate, and magnetosomes
Antibiotics
- Penicillins: Inhibit cross-linkage of peptidoglycans in the cell wall, and require dosage adjustment in renal failure
- Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors: Norfloxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim, and Rifampicin
- Bacteriostatic antibiotics: Chloramphenicol, Sulfasalazin, and Metronidazole
- Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracycline, Cefotaxime, and Trimethoprim
Pathogenesis and Toxins
- Cholera diarrhea: Caused by the first complex compound of cholera toxin, which activates adenylyl cyclase
- Coagulase and Fibrinolysin: Proteins involved in protecting pathogenic bacteria
Media and Cultivation
- EMB: Used for distinguishing lactose-fermenting bacteria
- CLED: Used for cultivating fastidious bacteria
- Deoxycholate citrate agar: Used for isolating Shigella and Salmonella
- Thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS): Used for isolating Vibrio cholerae
Bacterial Identification
- Anthrax types: Pulmonary, cutaneous, and intestinal
- Salmonella growth: On desoxycholate agar, xylose-lysine desoxycholate agar, and blood agar
- Salmonella fermentation: Of glucose, mannitol, and sucrose
- Enterobacteriaceae antigens: O antigen, K antigen, and H antigen
Metabolic Pathway Regulation
- Regulated through allosteric control, feedback inhibition, and gene regulation
Test your knowledge of key terms in genetics, including inheritance and breeding concepts. Learn about alleles, segregation principle, reciprocal crosses, phenocopies, and more!
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
