Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of Anthrax affects the respiratory system?
Which type of Anthrax affects the respiratory system?
- Cutaneous anthrax
- None of them
- Pulmonary anthrax (correct)
- Intestinal anthrax
On which type of agar does Salmonella grow?
On which type of agar does Salmonella grow?
- Mannitol salt agar
- Desoxycholate agar (correct)
- Nutrient agar
- Blood agar
Which carbohydrates can Salmonella ferment?
Which carbohydrates can Salmonella ferment?
- Mannitol (correct)
- Glucose (correct)
- Sucrose
- Lactose
Which antigens are found in Enterobacteriaceae?
Which antigens are found in Enterobacteriaceae?
What does the term 'Heterozygous' refer to?
What does the term 'Heterozygous' refer to?
What toxins does E. coli secrete?
What toxins does E. coli secrete?
Which antigens does Klebsiella have?
Which antigens does Klebsiella have?
What is the 'Segregation Principle'?
What is the 'Segregation Principle'?
What acid is produced by Lactobacillus when fermenting sugars?
What acid is produced by Lactobacillus when fermenting sugars?
What are 'Reciprocal crosses'?
What are 'Reciprocal crosses'?
What diseases can Serratia cause?
What diseases can Serratia cause?
What does the term 'Phenocopies' describe?
What does the term 'Phenocopies' describe?
Which statement about recessive traits is accurate?
Which statement about recessive traits is accurate?
Which method is the most important for classifying and identifying Streptococci?
Which method is the most important for classifying and identifying Streptococci?
Which diagnostic method is least sensitive for detecting colitis caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli?
Which diagnostic method is least sensitive for detecting colitis caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli?
Which characteristic distinguishes Enterococci from nonenterococcal group D streptococci?
Which characteristic distinguishes Enterococci from nonenterococcal group D streptococci?
Which enzymes do not need water for reactions?
Which enzymes do not need water for reactions?
What is the important nutrient for bacterial techoic acid?
What is the important nutrient for bacterial techoic acid?
Which bacterial group cannot grow at temperatures less than 55°C?
Which bacterial group cannot grow at temperatures less than 55°C?
Which metabolic pathway is used by bacteria but not by eukaryotes?
Which metabolic pathway is used by bacteria but not by eukaryotes?
Which of the following are storage inclusions in bacteria?
Which of the following are storage inclusions in bacteria?
Which of the following statements about penicillins is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about penicillins is NOT true?
Which of the following antibiotics is NOT considered a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor?
Which of the following antibiotics is NOT considered a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor?
Which of the following antibiotics functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor?
Which of the following antibiotics functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor?
Study Notes
Genetics Terminology
- Heterozygous: Having two different alleles of a gene
- Segregation Principle: Each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation
- Reciprocal crosses: Breeding experiments involving two parents with different alleles
- Phenocopies: Environmental factors that mimic genetic effects
- Recessive: An allele that is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele
Inheritance and Breeding
- Pedigree analysis: Studying family relationships to understand inheritance patterns
- Polygenic inheritance: Multiple genes influencing a single trait
- Co-dominance: Both alleles are expressed equally
- Incomplete dominance: One allele is not completely dominant over the other
Microbiology
- Streptococci classification: Uses agglutination with antisera against cell wall group specific substance
- Escherichia coli diagnosis: Uses toxin testing, cell culture cytotoxin assay, and polymerase chain reaction
- Heat-labile toxin of ETEC: Acts by activating adenylyl cyclase
- Enterococci characteristics: Esculin hydrolysis, growth in 6.5% NaCl, and growth in the presence of bile
Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways
- Transferases: Enzymes that don't require water for reactions
- Isomerases: Enzymes that catalyze isomerization reactions
- Ligases: Enzymes that form covalent bonds between molecules
- Enter-Doudoroff pathway: Used by bacteria, but not eukaryotes
Bacterial Growth and Inclusions
- Thermophiles: Bacteria that grow optimally at high temperatures (>55°C)
- Storage inclusions: Include carboxysomes, polyhydroxyalkonate, and magnetosomes
Antibiotics
- Penicillins: Inhibit cross-linkage of peptidoglycans in the cell wall, and require dosage adjustment in renal failure
- Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors: Norfloxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim, and Rifampicin
- Bacteriostatic antibiotics: Chloramphenicol, Sulfasalazin, and Metronidazole
- Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracycline, Cefotaxime, and Trimethoprim
Pathogenesis and Toxins
- Cholera diarrhea: Caused by the first complex compound of cholera toxin, which activates adenylyl cyclase
- Coagulase and Fibrinolysin: Proteins involved in protecting pathogenic bacteria
Media and Cultivation
- EMB: Used for distinguishing lactose-fermenting bacteria
- CLED: Used for cultivating fastidious bacteria
- Deoxycholate citrate agar: Used for isolating Shigella and Salmonella
- Thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS): Used for isolating Vibrio cholerae
Bacterial Identification
- Anthrax types: Pulmonary, cutaneous, and intestinal
- Salmonella growth: On desoxycholate agar, xylose-lysine desoxycholate agar, and blood agar
- Salmonella fermentation: Of glucose, mannitol, and sucrose
- Enterobacteriaceae antigens: O antigen, K antigen, and H antigen
Metabolic Pathway Regulation
- Regulated through allosteric control, feedback inhibition, and gene regulation
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Description
Test your knowledge of key terms in genetics, including inheritance and breeding concepts. Learn about alleles, segregation principle, reciprocal crosses, phenocopies, and more!
