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Questions and Answers
During DNA replication, if the original strand has the sequence 5'-AGCTTCG-3', what would be the sequence of the complementary strand?
During DNA replication, if the original strand has the sequence 5'-AGCTTCG-3', what would be the sequence of the complementary strand?
- 5'-GCTTAAG-3'
- 3'-GCTTAAG-5'
- 5'-TCGAAGC-3'
- 3'-TCGAAGC-5' (correct)
A scientist is studying a cell undergoing division and observes that sister chromatids are being separated. In which specific stage of mitosis is this cell?
A scientist is studying a cell undergoing division and observes that sister chromatids are being separated. In which specific stage of mitosis is this cell?
- Anaphase (correct)
- Telophase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis regarding the resulting daughter cells?
What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis regarding the resulting daughter cells?
- Mitosis involves two rounds of cell division, while meiosis involves only one.
- Mitosis produces haploid cells, while meiosis produces diploid cells.
- Mitosis occurs in sex cells, while meiosis occurs in somatic cells.
- Mitosis produces genetically identical cells, while meiosis produces genetically diverse cells. (correct)
A human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many autosomes are present in a typical human sperm cell?
A human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many autosomes are present in a typical human sperm cell?
In genetics, what is the relationship between a gene and an allele?
In genetics, what is the relationship between a gene and an allele?
In a certain species of plant, the allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (p). If a heterozygous plant (Pp) is crossed with another heterozygous plant (Pp), what percentage of the offspring would be expected to have white flowers?
In a certain species of plant, the allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (p). If a heterozygous plant (Pp) is crossed with another heterozygous plant (Pp), what percentage of the offspring would be expected to have white flowers?
In a pedigree chart, a shaded circle represents:
In a pedigree chart, a shaded circle represents:
Two parents, both with the genotype Aa, have a child. What is the probability that the child will also have the genotype Aa?
Two parents, both with the genotype Aa, have a child. What is the probability that the child will also have the genotype Aa?
A plant has a genotype of AaBb, where 'A' is dominant for tallness and 'B' is dominant for purple flowers. If 'a' is recessive for dwarfism and 'b' is recessive for white flowers, what is the plant's phenotype?
A plant has a genotype of AaBb, where 'A' is dominant for tallness and 'B' is dominant for purple flowers. If 'a' is recessive for dwarfism and 'b' is recessive for white flowers, what is the plant's phenotype?
In a pedigree analysis, if two unaffected parents have an affected child, what can be inferred about the mode of inheritance for the trait?
In a pedigree analysis, if two unaffected parents have an affected child, what can be inferred about the mode of inheritance for the trait?
Flashcards
What is a nucleotide?
What is a nucleotide?
The basic structural unit of DNA, consisting of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What is a chromosome?
What is a chromosome?
A thread-like structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
What is a gene?
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein or performing a particular function.
What is complementary base pairing?
What is complementary base pairing?
The pairing of specific nitrogenous bases in DNA; adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).
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What is mitosis?
What is mitosis?
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
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What are homologous chromosomes?
What are homologous chromosomes?
Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content; they carry genes for the same traits at the same loci.
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What are alleles?
What are alleles?
Different versions of a gene at a specific location on a chromosome.
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What is a phenotype?
What is a phenotype?
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
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What is a genotype?
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism; the specific combination of alleles it possesses.
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What does dominant mean?
What does dominant mean?
An allele that expresses its trait even when paired with a recessive allele; it masks the effect of the recessive allele.
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- DNA's structure forms a double helix.
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
- Chromosomes contain genes made of DNA.
- Genes are segments of DNA coding for specific traits.
Complementary Pairing
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T).
- Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).
Stages of Mitosis
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: New nuclear envelopes form around separated chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis:Cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis results in four genetically different haploid cells.
- Mitosis is for growth and repair.
- Meiosis is for sexual reproduction.
Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
- Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes.
- Sex chromosomes determine sex (e.g., X and Y in humans).
Homologous and Heterologous Chromosomes
- Homologous chromosomes are pairs with similar genes.
- Heterologous chromosomes have different genes.
Alleles
- Alleles are versions of a gene.
Phenotype and Genotype
- Phenotype is the observable trait.
- Genotype is the genetic makeup.
Dominant and Recessive
- Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles.
- Recessive alleles are expressed when homozygous.
Punnett Square
- A Punnett Square determines genotype and phenotype percentages.
- It uses parental genotypes to predict offspring possibilities.
Pedigree Chart
- A pedigree chart tracks traits through generations.
- It uses symbols to represent individuals and their traits.
Using a Pedigree Chart
- Pedigree charts determine individual genotypes and phenotypes.
- Analysis of inheritance patterns is key.
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