translation transcription dna meiosis mitosis

Any 3 points from the following:

The ribosome reads mRNA a codon (3 bases) at a time

tRNA molecules carry amino acid to mRNA

complementary anti-codon binds with codon

tRNA releases amino acid

peptide bonds form between amino acids (as process is repeated for each codon)

the study of changes in gene expression

in env factors that can cause genomic changes that are inherited by offspring that do not alter DNA sequence

Addition of an acetyl group (CH3CO) to the histone protein tail

This relaxes or unwinds the chromatin

DNA is exposed and transcription promoted

Promotes transcription; allowing RNA polymerase to access nucleotides (to copy mRNA)

<p>Nucleus controls all cellular activities</p> <p>produces ribosomes, which are used for protein synthesis</p> <p>nucleus has receptors for inducing protein synthesis</p> <p>nucleus transmits mRNA to attach to ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helicase: separates two strands of DNA molecule</p> <p>Polymerase: adds new nucleotides to create new DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-epigenetics is the altering of gene expression without changing the gene structure due to environmental factors -modifications are attached to DNA coiling structures to relax chromatin (switch on) or tighten (switch off) protein production</p> <p>ACETYLATION -addition of acetyl group (CH3CO) tags to histone protein tail -tags relax structure of chromatin -promotes transcription -by allowing RNA polymerase to easily access nucleotides -enhancing gene expression</p> <p>DNA METHYLATION -methyl group (CH3) tags added to histone protein tail -at CpG sites (where a cytosine nucleotide is adjacent to a guanine) -tags tighten structure of chromatin -restricting access of RNA polymerase to DNA -inhibiting gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Must include description of translation, initiation, elongation, termination</p> <p>-Translation: “decoding” a messenger RNA (mRNA) and using its information to build a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids -occurs in cytoplasm</p> <p>-initiation: triplet code on mRNA read by tRNA to collect correct amino acid from cytoplasm to add to the sequence at the ribosome -ribosome binds to mRNA -ribosome reads mRNA 3 bases (a codon) at a time -start codon (AUG) initiates process</p> <p>-elongation: addition of amino acids to the protein chain at the ribosome -tRNA molecules carry amino acid to mRNA -complementary rTNA anti-codon matches with mRNA codom -tRNA releases amino aid -peptide bonds form between amino acids (process is repeated for each codon) -polypeptide chain forms</p> <p>termination: when a &quot;stop&quot; codon appears no amino acid is added to the sequence so the protein chain ends; no tRNA to match that combination -peptide chain is released from ribosome -protein goes to Golgi body for processing in complete protein -proteins are folded into appropriate 3D shape and AUG removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>similarities: both double stranded both have same nucleotides same complementary base pairing (AT and CG)</p> <p>differences: mtDNA is in mitochondria whereas nDNA is in nucleus mtDNA is much smaller and is circular whereas nDNA is larger and double helix mtDNA only inherited from mother whereas nDNA is inherited from both mother and father</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>importance: meiosis- produce sex cells mitosis- need for growth and repair of cells</p> <p>similarities: both start wth diploid cell both are types of cell division DNA replication occurs before both processes take place sister chromatids separate (to opposite poles) in mitosis and meiosis II</p> <p>differences: mitosis: daughter cells identical meiosis: daughter cells are not identical</p> <p>mitosis: one division meiosis: two divisions</p> <p>mitosis: results in two diploid daughter cells meiosis: results in four haploid daughter cells</p> <p>mitosis: homologous chromosomes do not pair meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair (in meiosis I)</p> <p>mitosis: no crossing over and/or independent assortment meiosis: crossing over and/or independent assortment occur (in meiosis I)</p> Signup and view all the answers