Genetics and Cell Division
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between temperate phages and virulent phages?

Temperate phages can behave as prophages and integrate into the bacterial chromosome, while virulent phages can only lyse the host cell.

Explain the concept of transduction and cotransduction in bacterial recombination.

Transduction is the process of bacterial recombination mediated by bacteriophages, while cotransduction involves the simultaneous transduction of two genes that are close enough.

What is the significance of lysogeny in the life cycle of a bacteriophage?

Lysogeny allows the phage DNA to integrate into the bacterial chromosome, coexisting without lysing the host cell, and can be passed to daughter cells during replication.

What is the definition of coefficient of coincidence?

<p>The ratio of observed double crossovers to the expected number of double crossovers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain DNA markers.

<p>DNA markers are specific DNA sequences used to identify the location of genes on chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define interference in the context of genetics.

<p>Interference refers to the phenomenon where a crossover event in one part of a chromosome reduces the likelihood of another crossover event nearby.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are crossover events in genetics?

<p>Crossover events are the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain map constructs in genetic mapping.

<p>Map constructs are genetic maps that show the relative positions of genes or DNA markers on a chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do DNA markers contribute to genetic mapping?

<p>DNA markers serve as identifiable points along a chromosome that allow researchers to track the inheritance of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common features shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Plasma membranes, DNA, ribosomes, and cytoskeletons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of cell division?

<p>Mitosis produces two identical cells, while meiosis produces four haploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Responsible for independent hereditary traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

<p>46 chromosomes, with 23 pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are genes and what do they encode?

<p>Units of inheritance, encode proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Mendel's experiments with pea plants?

<p>Discovery of dominant and recessive genes and laws of inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can mutations lead to new phenotypes?

<p>By altering gene function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chromosome mapping?

<p>Study of genetic location of genes on chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can gene transfer occur in bacteria?

<p>Through mechanisms like conjugation and transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are bacteriophages and how do they contribute to genetic variation?

<p>Viruses that infect bacteria; contribute to variation through mechanisms like transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of interference in genetic recombination?

<p>To suppress crossovers in adjacent regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crossover event and how does it impact genetic diversity?

<p>Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; increases genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between temperate phages and virulent phages?

<p>Temperate phages can either lyse the host cell or integrate into the bacterial chromosome, while virulent phages can only lyse the host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cotransduction in bacterial recombination.

<p>Cotransduction occurs when two genes that are close enough on the bacterial chromosome are simultaneously transduced during the process of transduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteriophages contribute to genetic variation?

<p>Bacteriophages can mediate transduction, a process where bacterial genes are transferred between cells, leading to genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bacterial transformation?

<p>Bacterial transformation is the process by which bacteria take up foreign genetic material (DNA) from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are plasmids and how are they involved in genetic engineering?

<p>Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria. They are commonly used as vectors to introduce foreign genes into bacterial cells in genetic engineering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain cotransformation in bacteria.

<p>Cotransformation in bacteria refers to the simultaneous uptake and expression of multiple genes or DNA fragments during transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bacteriophages play in genetic variation?

<p>Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and can transfer bacterial DNA from one cell to another, leading to genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define spontaneous mutation.

<p>Spontaneous mutation is a natural change in the DNA sequence that arises without exposure to external factors such as radiation or chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteriophages contribute to genetic diversity in bacteria?

<p>Bacteriophages can introduce new genetic material into bacterial cells through infection, leading to genetic diversity within bacterial populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a spontaneous mutation?

<p>A spontaneous mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that occurs naturally without any external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cotransformation?

<p>Cotransformation is the simultaneous transfer of two or more genes into a bacterial cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does bacterial transformation occur?

<p>Bacterial transformation is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a bacterial cell, often using heat shock or electroporation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are plasmids?

<p>Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that exist independently of the bacterial chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteriophages contribute to genetic variation?

<p>Bacteriophages infect bacteria and can transfer bacterial DNA between cells, leading to genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a virulent phage?

<p>A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that enters a lytic cycle upon infecting a bacterial cell, leading to the destruction of the host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of plasmids in bacterial cells.

<p>Plasmids can carry accessory genes like antibiotic resistance genes and confer additional traits to bacterial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can cotransformation impact bacterial cells?

<p>Cotransformation can introduce multiple genes into bacterial cells simultaneously, leading to the expression of multiple traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bacterial transformation in genetic research?

<p>Bacterial transformation allows the introduction of foreign DNA into bacterial cells, enabling the study of gene function and expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of transduction by bacteriophages.

<p>Transduction is the process by which bacteriophages transfer bacterial DNA from one cell to another during infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do spontaneous mutations contribute to genetic diversity?

<p>Spontaneous mutations introduce new genetic variations in populations, which can lead to the evolution of new traits over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of lysogeny in bacteriophages.

<p>Lysogeny is a state where a bacteriophage's DNA integrates into the host bacterial chromosome and replicates along with the host DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of traits that can be carried by plasmids in bacterial cells?

<p>Plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxin production, and metabolic functions in bacterial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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