Genetics and Cell Division

Temperate phages can behave as prophages and integrate into the bacterial chromosome, while virulent phages can only lyse the host cell.

Transduction is the process of bacterial recombination mediated by bacteriophages, while cotransduction involves the simultaneous transduction of two genes that are close enough.

Lysogeny allows the phage DNA to integrate into the bacterial chromosome, coexisting without lysing the host cell, and can be passed to daughter cells during replication.

The ratio of observed double crossovers to the expected number of double crossovers.

DNA markers are specific DNA sequences used to identify the location of genes on chromosomes.

Interference refers to the phenomenon where a crossover event in one part of a chromosome reduces the likelihood of another crossover event nearby.

Crossover events are the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Map constructs are genetic maps that show the relative positions of genes or DNA markers on a chromosome.

DNA markers serve as identifiable points along a chromosome that allow researchers to track the inheritance of genes.

Plasma membranes, DNA, ribosomes, and cytoskeletons

Mitosis produces two identical cells, while meiosis produces four haploid cells.

Responsible for independent hereditary traits.

46 chromosomes, with 23 pairs.

Units of inheritance, encode proteins.

Discovery of dominant and recessive genes and laws of inheritance.

By altering gene function.

Study of genetic location of genes on chromosomes.

Through mechanisms like conjugation and transformation.

Viruses that infect bacteria; contribute to variation through mechanisms like transduction.

To suppress crossovers in adjacent regions.

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; increases genetic diversity.

Temperate phages can either lyse the host cell or integrate into the bacterial chromosome, while virulent phages can only lyse the host cell.

Cotransduction occurs when two genes that are close enough on the bacterial chromosome are simultaneously transduced during the process of transduction.

Bacteriophages can mediate transduction, a process where bacterial genes are transferred between cells, leading to genetic variation.

Bacterial transformation is the process by which bacteria take up foreign genetic material (DNA) from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome.

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria. They are commonly used as vectors to introduce foreign genes into bacterial cells in genetic engineering.

Cotransformation in bacteria refers to the simultaneous uptake and expression of multiple genes or DNA fragments during transformation.

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and can transfer bacterial DNA from one cell to another, leading to genetic variation.

Spontaneous mutation is a natural change in the DNA sequence that arises without exposure to external factors such as radiation or chemicals.

Bacteriophages can introduce new genetic material into bacterial cells through infection, leading to genetic diversity within bacterial populations.

A spontaneous mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that occurs naturally without any external factors.

Cotransformation is the simultaneous transfer of two or more genes into a bacterial cell.

Bacterial transformation is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a bacterial cell, often using heat shock or electroporation.

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that exist independently of the bacterial chromosome.

Bacteriophages infect bacteria and can transfer bacterial DNA between cells, leading to genetic variation.

A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that enters a lytic cycle upon infecting a bacterial cell, leading to the destruction of the host cell.

Plasmids can carry accessory genes like antibiotic resistance genes and confer additional traits to bacterial cells.

Cotransformation can introduce multiple genes into bacterial cells simultaneously, leading to the expression of multiple traits.

Bacterial transformation allows the introduction of foreign DNA into bacterial cells, enabling the study of gene function and expression.

Transduction is the process by which bacteriophages transfer bacterial DNA from one cell to another during infection.

Spontaneous mutations introduce new genetic variations in populations, which can lead to the evolution of new traits over time.

Lysogeny is a state where a bacteriophage's DNA integrates into the host bacterial chromosome and replicates along with the host DNA.

Plasmids can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxin production, and metabolic functions in bacterial cells.