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Questions and Answers
What is the process by which DNA sequence is copied into RNA molecule?
What is the process by which DNA sequence is copied into RNA molecule?
What is the term for the sequence of nucleotides that determines the amino acid sequence?
What is the term for the sequence of nucleotides that determines the amino acid sequence?
What is the name of the enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication?
What is the name of the enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication?
What is the term for a change in the DNA sequence?
What is the term for a change in the DNA sequence?
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What is the name of the mathematical model that describes genetic variation in populations?
What is the name of the mathematical model that describes genetic variation in populations?
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What is the term for the transmission of epigenetic modifications from parent to offspring?
What is the term for the transmission of epigenetic modifications from parent to offspring?
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Study Notes
Genetics
DNA Structure
- Double helix model: two complementary strands twisted together
- Each strand composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T)
- Sugar-phosphate backbone provides structural support
- Nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, and T) project inward from backbone
DNA Replication
- Semi-conservative model: each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand
- Process occurs during S phase of cell cycle
- Initiated by helicase enzyme unwinding DNA double helix
- Leading strand synthesized continuously in 5' to 3' direction
- Lagging strand synthesized in short, discontinuous segments (Okazaki fragments) in 5' to 3' direction
Gene Expression
- Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
- Transcription: DNA sequence copied into RNA molecule
- Translation: RNA sequence translated into amino acid sequence
- Gene regulation: mechanisms to control gene expression, including transcription factors and epigenetic modifications
Mendelian Genetics
- Laws of inheritance: segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
- Genotype: genetic makeup of an individual (e.g., BB or Bb)
- Phenotype: physical expression of genotype (e.g., blue eyes or brown eyes)
- Punnett squares: diagrams to predict genotypic and phenotypic probabilities of offspring
Molecular Genetics
- Mutation: change in DNA sequence
- Types of mutations: point, frameshift, and chromosomal
- Genetic code: sequence of nucleotides that determines amino acid sequence
- Recombinant DNA technology: manipulation of DNA sequences in vitro
Genetic Variation
- Sources of variation: mutation, genetic recombination, and gene flow
- Types of genetic variation: allelic, genotypic, and phenotypic
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: mathematical model to describe genetic variation in populations
Epigenetics
- Epigenetic modifications: chemical changes to DNA or histone proteins that affect gene expression
- Types of epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling
- Epigenetic inheritance: transmission of epigenetic modifications from parent to offspring
DNA Structure
- Double helix model consists of two complementary strands twisted together
- Each strand is composed of nucleotides (A, C, G, and T)
- Sugar-phosphate backbone provides structural support for DNA
- Nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, and T) project inward from the backbone
DNA Replication
- Semi-conservative model: each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand
- DNA replication occurs during S phase of the cell cycle
- Helicase enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix to initiate replication
- Leading strand is synthesized continuously in 5' to 3' direction
- Lagging strand is synthesized in short, discontinuous segments (Okazaki fragments) in 5' to 3' direction
Gene Expression
- Central dogma: DNA sequence is copied into RNA molecule, then into amino acid sequence
- Transcription: DNA sequence is copied into RNA molecule
- Translation: RNA sequence is translated into amino acid sequence
- Gene regulation: mechanisms to control gene expression, including transcription factors and epigenetic modifications
Mendelian Genetics
- Laws of inheritance: segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
- Genotype: genetic makeup of an individual (e.g., BB or Bb)
- Phenotype: physical expression of genotype (e.g., blue eyes or brown eyes)
- Punnett squares: diagrams to predict genotypic and phenotypic probabilities of offspring
Molecular Genetics
- Mutation: change in DNA sequence
- Types of mutations: point, frameshift, and chromosomal
- Genetic code: sequence of nucleotides that determines amino acid sequence
- Recombinant DNA technology: manipulation of DNA sequences in vitro
Genetic Variation
- Sources of variation: mutation, genetic recombination, and gene flow
- Types of genetic variation: allelic, genotypic, and phenotypic
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: mathematical model to describe genetic variation in populations
Epigenetics
- Epigenetic modifications: chemical changes to DNA or histone proteins that affect gene expression
- Types of epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling
- Epigenetic inheritance: transmission of epigenetic modifications from parent to offspring
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of DNA structure, including the double helix model, nucleotides, and nitrogenous bases. It also explores DNA replication, including the semi-conservative model and the process of unwinding DNA.
