Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of DNA?
What is the primary function of DNA?
Humans have approximately 30,000 genes in their genome.
Humans have approximately 30,000 genes in their genome.
False
What are the units of heredity that are transferred from parents to offspring?
What are the units of heredity that are transferred from parents to offspring?
Genes
The study of genes and the chromosomes that house them is known as __________.
The study of genes and the chromosomes that house them is known as __________.
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Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
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What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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Mitosis results in cells that are genetically unique from each other.
Mitosis results in cells that are genetically unique from each other.
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What type of cells undergo meiosis?
What type of cells undergo meiosis?
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Meiosis produces four cells that are __________ from each other.
Meiosis produces four cells that are __________ from each other.
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Match the process to its key feature:
Match the process to its key feature:
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What are the building blocks of DNA called?
What are the building blocks of DNA called?
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Replication of DNA results in two identical DNA molecules.
Replication of DNA results in two identical DNA molecules.
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What is the function of a codon?
What is the function of a codon?
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Each nucleotide in DNA contains a sugar called _____ and an organic base.
Each nucleotide in DNA contains a sugar called _____ and an organic base.
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Match the following parts of a chromosome with their description:
Match the following parts of a chromosome with their description:
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The structure that DNA forms during cell division is called:
The structure that DNA forms during cell division is called:
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The bases A, C, T, and G refer to the components found in RNA.
The bases A, C, T, and G refer to the components found in RNA.
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What term is used to describe the coiled structure of paired DNA strands?
What term is used to describe the coiled structure of paired DNA strands?
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What are the phenotypic ratios observed in a dihybrid cross involving Tt Pp?
What are the phenotypic ratios observed in a dihybrid cross involving Tt Pp?
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Phenotypes from a dihybrid cross can show allele linkage if genes are located far apart on the same chromosome.
Phenotypes from a dihybrid cross can show allele linkage if genes are located far apart on the same chromosome.
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What is the phenotype of the offspring when a red snapdragon is crossed with a white snapdragon?
What is the phenotype of the offspring when a red snapdragon is crossed with a white snapdragon?
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In mammalian females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated, forming a _____ body.
In mammalian females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated, forming a _____ body.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following best describes co-dominance?
Which of the following best describes co-dominance?
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The Y chromosome contains traits that can be inherited from mothers to sons.
The Y chromosome contains traits that can be inherited from mothers to sons.
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What type of coat color results in a calico cat?
What type of coat color results in a calico cat?
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What percentage of kittens will be calico and female when a calico female is crossed with a black male?
What percentage of kittens will be calico and female when a calico female is crossed with a black male?
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Males can be calico cats.
Males can be calico cats.
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What type of mutation occurs in non-reproductive cells?
What type of mutation occurs in non-reproductive cells?
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A calico female's genotype would be ______.
A calico female's genotype would be ______.
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Match the types of mutations with their descriptions:
Match the types of mutations with their descriptions:
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Which method is NOT a way genes can be inserted into a different organism?
Which method is NOT a way genes can be inserted into a different organism?
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Epistasis involves genes at different loci affecting each other's expression.
Epistasis involves genes at different loci affecting each other's expression.
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Give an example of a polygenic trait.
Give an example of a polygenic trait.
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What is the primary use of restriction enzymes in laboratory methods?
What is the primary use of restriction enzymes in laboratory methods?
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All vertebrates can reproduce asexually through natural cloning.
All vertebrates can reproduce asexually through natural cloning.
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What type of stem cells can produce all the cells of the body?
What type of stem cells can produce all the cells of the body?
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Embryonic stem cells can be cultured in a special __________ solution.
Embryonic stem cells can be cultured in a special __________ solution.
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Match the following types of stem cells with their potential:
Match the following types of stem cells with their potential:
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Study Notes
Genetics and Evolution - Final Revision
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Intended Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the structure of genetic material and the cellular mechanism of heredity
- Analyze patterns of inheritance
- Discuss the theory and mechanisms of evolution
- Explain how inherited and learnt traits can evolve at the population level
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Assessment Methods:
- Assignment 1 (50%): Written exam on Genetics (17.12.24)
- Assignment 2 (50%): Evolution Case Study (1500 words)
- Written Exam (1 hour): Section A (short answer & multiple choice - 60%), Section B (inheritance patterns - problem solving using Punnett squares - 40%)
What is Genetics?
- Genetics is the study of genes and chromosomes.
- Genetics is the science of heredity, explaining similarities between parents and offspring.
- Genes are units of heredity transferred from parent to offspring, influencing traits.
- Humans have approximately 20,000+ genes.
DNA
- DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) is the genetic material inherited from parents.
- DNA is present in the nucleus of all cells, tightly packed as chromosomes.
- DNA controls all chemical changes in cells, e.g., cell type formation (muscle, blood, nerve).
- DNA determines the organism type produced (e.g., buttercup, giraffe, human).
DNA Molecule
- DNA is a large molecule with a long chain of subunits called nucleotides.
- Nucleotides consist of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group (-PO4), and an organic base (A, C, T, G).
Nucleotides
- Ribose is a sugar similar to glucose, with five carbon atoms (mRNA).
- Deoxyribose is almost identical to ribose but lacks one oxygen atom (DNA).
The Double Helix
- Paired DNA strands coil into a spiral structure called the double helix.
- The sugar-phosphate chains form the backbone of the helix.
- Bases are paired on the interior of the helix.
Replication
- Before cell division, DNA strands unwind and separate.
- Each strand creates a new partner by adding appropriate nucleotides.
- Two identical double-stranded DNA molecules are formed.
- Each nucleus contains identical DNA.
Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.
- Chromosomes are paired, with 23 pairs in humans (46 single chromosomes).
- Exceptions include sex cells (egg and sperm).
- Before cell division, chromosomes condense, becoming visible.
- Histones are proteins that help condense DNA into chromatin.
- Chromatin is the unraveled condensed structure of DNA used for packaging in the nucleus.
- Replicated chromosomes are called sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
- Short chromosome arms are 'p' arms; longer ones are 'q' arms.
Chromosomes and Genes
- Chromosomes come in pairs, and genes are also in pairs, inherited from each parent.
- Genes of a pair control the same characteristic.
Mitosis
- Mitosis occurs throughout the animal's life for growth and to repair damaged cells.
- Mitosis results in two identical cells with the same genetic material.
- The number of chromosomes remains the same.
Meiosis
- Meiosis occurs only in sperm and egg cells.
- Meiosis involves two divisions, producing four unique haploid cells from a single cell.
- Genetic information is halved, and each resulting cell is genetically unique from the original cell and other resulting cells.
- In mammals, one female gamete becomes an egg; the other three are polar bodies.
Mendel's Laws
- Mendel was the first biologist to use quantitative mathematics to explain results.
- Mendel predicted genes occur in pairs, and one gene of each pair is present in gametes.
Dihybrid Cross
- If F1 generation is self-pollinated, 4 phenotypes are observed (e.g., tall/purple, tall/white, short/purple, short/white) - 9:3:3:1 ratio
Why Dihybrid Cross Works/Doesn't Work
- Genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently - the dihybrid cross works.
- Genes very close together on the same chromosome are linked; the dihybrid cross often doesn't work.
Incomplete Dominance
- A heterozygote has a phenotype that's a blend of both alleles.
- E.g., Red flower crossed with a white flower produces a pink flower.
Codominance
- Both alleles in a heterozygote contribute fully to the phenotype, creating a mixture of the traits.
- E.g., Roan coat color in horses.
Sex Chromosomes
- Females have two X chromosomes; males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Traits on the Y chromosome are passed only from father to son.
X-inactivation in Female Mammals
- During development, one X chromosome in each cell is inactivated (Barr body).
- This means different cells in a female will have different active X-chromosomes.
- Example: calico cats.
Sex-linked Punnett Squares
- In cats, the gene for coat color (calico) is codominant.
- Calico females have black and orange patches on a white coat; males can only be black or orange, not calico.
Polygenic Traits
- Polygenic traits are controlled by two or more genes.
- Many phenotypes are possible for polygenic traits, greatly influenced by environment.
- Growth rate in animals or human height is an example.
Epistasis
- The effect of a gene at one locus influences the expression of another gene at a different locus.
- Examples often involve coat color in animals, where one gene may control whether the animal makes pigment, and another gene may control what color the pigment is.
DNA Transcription and Translation
- DNA transcription involves creating mRNA from DNA, happening inside the nucleus.
- DNA translation involves using mRNA to build proteins in the cytoplasm involving ribosomes.
Types of Mutations
- Germline mutations are inherited; somatic mutations are not.
- Chromosome mutations change chromosome structure; point mutations change one nucleotide.
- Point mutations can be silent, missense, or nonsense mutations.
Genetic Engineering
- Inserting genes from one organism into another involves various methods, including using gold particles, viruses, or plasmids, and by using restriction enzymes.
Cloning
- Natural cloning occurs via asexual reproduction in some organisms.
- Artificially, vertebrates can be cloned by transferring the nucleus from a body cell to an egg cell, which has had its nucleus removed.
Stem Cells
- Stem cells can produce all cells in the body (embryonic stem cells).
- Specialized stem cells (e.g., skin, bone marrow) are limited in the cells they can generate.
Any Questions?
- Exam time: 1:00 PM - 2:15 PM)
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Description
Test your knowledge on genetics with this quiz covering DNA, genes, and the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Explore key concepts such as heredity, chromosome structure, and the building blocks of DNA. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of genetic fundamentals.
