Podcast
Questions and Answers
Humans inherit a total of 46 chromosomes solely from their mother.
Humans inherit a total of 46 chromosomes solely from their mother.
False
The Human Genome Project was completed ahead of schedule, finishing in 2003.
The Human Genome Project was completed ahead of schedule, finishing in 2003.
False
Humans possess approximately 100,000 genes within their genome.
Humans possess approximately 100,000 genes within their genome.
False
Predictive testing is used to identify genetic disorders present at birth.
Predictive testing is used to identify genetic disorders present at birth.
Signup and view all the answers
Carrier testing can determine if individuals carry harmful genes that may be passed to their children.
Carrier testing can determine if individuals carry harmful genes that may be passed to their children.
Signup and view all the answers
Ultrasound is the only method used for prenatal testing to detect genetic disorders.
Ultrasound is the only method used for prenatal testing to detect genetic disorders.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals considering predictive testing for Huntington’s disease typically show symptoms in childhood.
Individuals considering predictive testing for Huntington’s disease typically show symptoms in childhood.
Signup and view all the answers
The Human Genome Project was funded by international scientists working collaboratively.
The Human Genome Project was funded by international scientists working collaboratively.
Signup and view all the answers
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 protects individuals from genetic discrimination in the workplace.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 protects individuals from genetic discrimination in the workplace.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic engineering can only be used to enhance the attributes of animals, not plants.
Genetic engineering can only be used to enhance the attributes of animals, not plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Cloning involves creating a genetic replica of an organism from multiple ancestors.
Cloning involves creating a genetic replica of an organism from multiple ancestors.
Signup and view all the answers
The creation of 'golden' rice is an example of genetic engineering aimed at improving nutritional content.
The creation of 'golden' rice is an example of genetic engineering aimed at improving nutritional content.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene cloning is performed to create copies of entire organisms.
Gene cloning is performed to create copies of entire organisms.
Signup and view all the answers
Individuals with a disability can be denied insurance if their condition is believed to pose increased risks.
Individuals with a disability can be denied insurance if their condition is believed to pose increased risks.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary goal of gene cloning is to produce novel species.
The primary goal of gene cloning is to produce novel species.
Signup and view all the answers
Bacteria can be genetically engineered to help clean up oil spills.
Bacteria can be genetically engineered to help clean up oil spills.
Signup and view all the answers
Pharmacogenetics focuses on the study of genetic diseases only caused by single gene mutations.
Pharmacogenetics focuses on the study of genetic diseases only caused by single gene mutations.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic discrimination refers to treating individuals differently based on their actual or presumed genetic differences.
Genetic discrimination refers to treating individuals differently based on their actual or presumed genetic differences.
Signup and view all the answers
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) was enacted to protect individuals from discrimination based solely on age.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) was enacted to protect individuals from discrimination based solely on age.
Signup and view all the answers
Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, representing a type of genetic disease caused by chromosomal abnormalities.
Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, representing a type of genetic disease caused by chromosomal abnormalities.
Signup and view all the answers
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides comprehensive protection against genetic discrimination in all health insurance scenarios.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides comprehensive protection against genetic discrimination in all health insurance scenarios.
Signup and view all the answers
Environmental factors play no role in the onset of genetic diseases like cancer or diabetes.
Environmental factors play no role in the onset of genetic diseases like cancer or diabetes.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetic counselors assist patients by explaining genetic test results and addressing related concerns.
Genetic counselors assist patients by explaining genetic test results and addressing related concerns.
Signup and view all the answers
Sickle cell anemia is an example of a genetic disease caused by an abnormality in the number of chromosomes.
Sickle cell anemia is an example of a genetic disease caused by an abnormality in the number of chromosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
Therapeutic cloning can produce copies of embryonic stem cells to aid in tissue repair.
Therapeutic cloning can produce copies of embryonic stem cells to aid in tissue repair.
Signup and view all the answers
Adult stem cells are classified as pluripotent stem cells.
Adult stem cells are classified as pluripotent stem cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Dolly, the Scottish sheep, was the first animal to be cloned from a single adult somatic cell.
Dolly, the Scottish sheep, was the first animal to be cloned from a single adult somatic cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Cloning aims to reverse aging processes in cloned animals.
Cloning aims to reverse aging processes in cloned animals.
Signup and view all the answers
Genetically modified mice can be used as models for various human diseases.
Genetically modified mice can be used as models for various human diseases.
Signup and view all the answers
Animal cloning has no applications in medicinal substances or organ transplantation.
Animal cloning has no applications in medicinal substances or organ transplantation.
Signup and view all the answers
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into almost all types of tissues in the body.
Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into almost all types of tissues in the body.
Signup and view all the answers
Some cloned animals experience health issues that resemble conditions of aging.
Some cloned animals experience health issues that resemble conditions of aging.
Signup and view all the answers
Pigs are similar to humans in organ size and biological aspects, making them suitable for cloning for organ transplantation.
Pigs are similar to humans in organ size and biological aspects, making them suitable for cloning for organ transplantation.
Signup and view all the answers
Animal rights proponents universally support the cloning of animals for human benefit.
Animal rights proponents universally support the cloning of animals for human benefit.
Signup and view all the answers
The success rate of animal cloning yields healthy offspring in 70% of attempts.
The success rate of animal cloning yields healthy offspring in 70% of attempts.
Signup and view all the answers
Large-offspring syndrome primarily affects cloned horses and dogs.
Large-offspring syndrome primarily affects cloned horses and dogs.
Signup and view all the answers
Cloned animals like Dolly the sheep have adversely experienced premature deaths due to infections and complications.
Cloned animals like Dolly the sheep have adversely experienced premature deaths due to infections and complications.
Signup and view all the answers
There is currently a clear understanding of how cloning impacts mental development in cloned animals.
There is currently a clear understanding of how cloning impacts mental development in cloned animals.
Signup and view all the answers
Human cloning is illegal in the United States and 30 other countries due to ethical concerns.
Human cloning is illegal in the United States and 30 other countries due to ethical concerns.
Signup and view all the answers
The process of cloning animals has a failure rate that is deemed acceptable for human cloning.
The process of cloning animals has a failure rate that is deemed acceptable for human cloning.
Signup and view all the answers
Cloning processes are legally permitted in all states without any restrictions.
Cloning processes are legally permitted in all states without any restrictions.
Signup and view all the answers
Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2105 has been fully enacted at the federal level.
Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2105 has been fully enacted at the federal level.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene therapy often involves the insertion of a normally functioning gene into cells affected by an abnormal gene.
Gene therapy often involves the insertion of a normally functioning gene into cells affected by an abnormal gene.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene therapy can only be applied to adult patients with genetic diseases.
Gene therapy can only be applied to adult patients with genetic diseases.
Signup and view all the answers
The insertion of folic acid is used to increase homocysteine levels in individuals with specific genetic conditions.
The insertion of folic acid is used to increase homocysteine levels in individuals with specific genetic conditions.
Signup and view all the answers
Somatic gene therapy has been successful in treating severe genetic disorders like adenosine deaminase deficiency.
Somatic gene therapy has been successful in treating severe genetic disorders like adenosine deaminase deficiency.
Signup and view all the answers
Cloning may create complicated family dynamics, especially after parental divorces.
Cloning may create complicated family dynamics, especially after parental divorces.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene therapy is a technique meant exclusively for physical ailments and does not address biochemical disorders.
Gene therapy is a technique meant exclusively for physical ailments and does not address biochemical disorders.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Chapter 11 Objectives
- Discuss family history as a predictor for disease risk.
- Identify appropriate uses of DNA testing and explain how such tests might lead to genetic discrimination.
- Define genetic engineering and explain why cloning and stem cell research are controversial issues.
- Explain three possible remedies for couples experiencing infertility problems.
- List laws affecting healthcare that pertain especially to children's rights.
Vocabulary
- Heredity: the process by which genetic traits are passed from one generation to the next.
- Genetics: the science that accounts for the differences and similarities among living things.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): the molecule that makes up chromosomes.
Figure 11.1
- Shows the cell nucleus containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes contain genes, which are made up of DNA bases.
- The DNA strand is a double helix structure.
DNA
- The relationship between inherited DNA and disease is scientifically confirmed.
- Family history is a key risk factor for various diseases (cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc.).
- Cultural and socioeconomic factors from family also influence health risks.
- Forty-six chromosomes (23 pairs) are found in every human cell nucleus (except egg and sperm cells which have 23).
- Chromosomes carry genes responsible for human characteristics (eye, skin, hair color, height etc.)
- The human genome is all the genetic information necessary to form a human being.
- Humans have approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes.
Testing DNA
- Predictive testing: used to determine if harmful genes leading to hereditary diseases are present.
- Carrier testing: to determine if an individual carries harmful genes that can be passed on to offspring.
More Testing
- Prenatal testing: used to identify genetic disorders in utero. Methods include ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling and maternal blood tests.
- Preimplantation testing: examines embryos for harmful genes before implantation to prevent passing those genes to offspring.
And More Testing
- Forensic testing: used in law enforcement to identify suspects or victims.
- Tracing lineage: used to determine parentage and relationships.
- Newborn screening tests: check for treatable genetic conditions.
- Diagnostic testing: confirms a diagnosis, including genetic diseases.
- Medical treatment determination: helps determine appropriate medication and dosing for a patient based on their genes.
Genetic Disease
- Permanent changes in DNA (mutations) often cause genetic diseases.
- Mutations can affect a single gene or multiple genes, and environmental factors can trigger diseases with more than one gene.
- Some genetic diseases involve abnormalities in the structure or number of entire chromosomes (e.g., Down syndrome).
- Genetic counseling supports individuals facing genetic testing results/issues.
Genetic Discrimination
- Increased ability to identify genetic differences raises concerns about the appropriate use of information.
- Genetic discrimination describes the differential treatment of individuals based on their actual or presumed genetic differences.
- Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) prevents discrimination in the workplace and by health insurance issuers.
- Other laws protect people from discrimination based on genetic info.
Genetic Engineering
- Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes to transfer desirable characteristics between organisms to other species.
- Used to create organisms with desired characteristics for different applications (cold-tolerant plants, disease-resistant crops etc).
Cloning
- Cloning is the process of creating an exact genetic replica of a cell, tissue, or organism.
- Types of cloning include:
- Gene cloning: generating multiple copies of a DNA segment.
- Therapeutic cloning: creating embryonic stem cells to treat diseases.
- Reproductive cloning: duplicating entire animals.
- Cloned animals can experience premature aging and complications.
- Most cloning attempts do not lead to healthy viable offspring.
Exceptions to the Rule
- Cloning for biomedical research in animals has a goal of producing substances useful in medicine (e.g., insulin, growth hormone).
- However ethical questions and public concerns surrounding cloning raise objections about its use, including animal rights violations, and health-related issues and scientific feasibility.
Gene Therapy
- Gene therapy involves inserting a functioning gene into cells with an abnormal or missing gene to treat diseases.
- Gene therapy techniques include special diets, vitamins, or treatments.
- Fetal gene therapy may be possible via in utero cellular therapy (e.g. bone marrow transplantation)
- Germ-line gene therapy faces ethical concerns as it involves changing the genes of sperm/eggs.
Infertility
- Infertility affects about 10-15 percent of couples in the US.
- Common infertility solutions include:
- In vitro fertilization (IVF): combining eggs and sperm outside the body.
- Artificial insemination
- Surrogacy: if a woman cannot carry an embryo to term.
Surrogate/Adoption
- Surrogate mothers agree to carry a child to term for another couple for a fee.
- Adoption is another option for couples who want to raise a child.
- There are legal and ethical considerations for both surrogacy and adoption.
Children's Rights
- Common law and parens patriae establish parents' right to make healthcare decisions for minor children.
- State laws and regulations address children's rights, encompassing conditions and circumstances surrounding newborns and severely disabled children.
Abandonment
- Safe haven laws in all 50 states allow parents to leave newborns in designated locations to protect them from prosecution.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the key concepts of Chapter 11 in Genetics, focusing on how family history can impact disease risk, the implications of DNA testing, and the controversies surrounding genetic engineering. Additionally, learn about remedies for infertility and laws affecting children's healthcare rights.
