Genetics and Disease Risk Quiz
47 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following diseases can be influenced by family history?

  • Cancer (correct)
  • Common cold
  • Asthma
  • Allergies

Genetic engineering is never subject to controversy.

False (B)

What term describes the process by which genetic traits are passed on to offspring?

Heredity

Every human cell, except egg and sperm cells, has __________ chromosomes.

<p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?

<p>DNA codes for the proteins that an organism needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Gene = A segment of DNA that codes for a protein Chromosome = A structure in the nucleus containing DNA Heredity = The passing of traits from parents to offspring Infertility remedies = Solutions for couples experiencing difficulty in conceiving</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA is made up of chromosomes and is necessary for protein synthesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two possible sources of health risk aside from genetics?

<p>Cultural experiences, socioeconomic experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many genes do humans have approximately?

<p>20,000 to 25,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each human inherits all chromosomes from their mother.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of predictive genetic testing?

<p>To determine if genes are present that could lead to hereditary diseases or harmful genetic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Human Genome Project was funded by the __________ government.

<p>U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of genetic testing with its description:

<p>Predictive testing = Determines the presence of genes that might cause hereditary diseases Carrier testing = Identifies harmful genes that can be passed to offspring Prenatal testing = Tests for genetic disorders in utero Diagnostic testing = Confirms results from other genetic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant finding did the Human Genome Project reveal about the number of human genes?

<p>Humans have approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carrier testing is used to identify genetic disorders in a fetus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can ultrasound detect in prenatal testing?

<p>Some abnormalities in the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of amniocentesis?

<p>To identify chromosomal abnormalities and inherited diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chorionic villus sampling can be performed earlier than amniocentesis in a pregnancy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of testing uses maternal blood to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities?

<p>Maternal blood tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chorionic villus sampling involves _______ cells from the placenta.

<p>suctioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential ethical concern regarding human cloning?

<p>Cloning may result in family dynamics issues after divorce. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy can only treat genetic diseases at the adult stage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of forensic testing?

<p>Identifying child paternity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does somatic gene therapy involve?

<p>The insertion of normal copies of a gene into the cells of persons with a specific genetic disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following testing types with their primary purpose:

<p>Preimplantation testing = Look for harmful genes in embryos Newborn screening tests = Check for treatable, harmful genetic conditions Diagnostic testing = Confirm a diagnosis of genetic diseases Medical treatment determination = Assess medication effectiveness based on genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gene therapy includes therapies that replace a deficiency or block an _________ pathway.

<p>overactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forensic testing is used to eliminate or designate _______ in a crime.

<p>suspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age of gestation for performing maternal blood tests?

<p>10 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gene therapy?

<p>To insert a functioning gene into cells to correct diseases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most states currently allow human cloning without any legal restrictions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of _______ was an attempt to establish federal legislation against cloning.

<p>2105</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases or conditions with their respective gene therapy applications:

<p>Phenylketonuria = Special diets to eliminate toxins Congenital virilizing adrenal hypoplasia = Maternal treatment with corticosteroids Adenosine deaminase deficiency = Somatic gene therapy Homocystinuria = Vitamins to improve biochemical pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

What federal act contains provisions relevant to adoptive parents?

<p>Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All 50 states allow parents to abandon their newborns without facing legal consequences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What doctrine allows the state to act as a parental authority in certain situations?

<p>parens patriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ provides treatment options for newborns with severe disabilities.

<p>Child Abuse Amendments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can treatment be withheld from newborns according to federal law?

<p>If the newborn is chronically and irreversibly comatose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Safe haven laws allow a parent to ________ a newborn at a safe location.

<p>abandon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of safe haven laws?

<p>To provide a safe way for parents to abandon their newborns without legal repercussions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following legal principles or acts with their definitions:

<p>Parens Patriae = State acting as a guardian in the child's best interest Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act = Federal law regulating adoption practices Child Abuse Amendments = Legal guidelines on withholding treatment from disabled infants Safe Haven Laws = Laws allowing legal abandonment of newborns in safe locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ethical concern regarding germ-line gene therapy?

<p>It may not maintain changes in the growing embryo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive for a period of 6 months or longer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used in assisted reproduction techniques to facilitate conception?

<p>In vitro fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

In homologous artificial insemination, the sperm used comes from the woman's _______.

<p>partner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of surrogacy involves a surrogate who is genetically related to the fetus?

<p>Traditional surrogacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

About 10 to 15 percent of reproductive-age couples in the U.S. experience infertility.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman who cannot carry an embryo to term may choose to use a _______ mother.

<p>surrogate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Heredity

The process by which genetic traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Genetics

The science that studies how genes influence characteristics and differences between living things.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule containing genetic instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

Chromosome

Thread-like structures found in the nucleus of every cell, carrying genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gene

A segment of DNA that provides instructions for building a specific protein, affecting a particular trait.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Family History as Disease Risk Factor

A person's family history can reveal recurring diseases or conditions that they may be predisposed to due to shared genes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetic Discrimination

Unfair treatment or prejudice based on a person's genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetic Engineering

Modifying an organism's genes to change its characteristics or introduce new traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a gene?

A tiny segment of DNA that contains instructions for creating a specific protein or enzyme, which are responsible for various bodily functions and traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the human genome?

The complete set of genetic information in a human, including all genes contained within 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does the Human Genome Project aim to do?

To identify and map all the genes within the human genome, essentially creating a comprehensive catalog of human genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is predictive testing?

This type of genetic testing looks for specific genes related to inheritable diseases, helping to predict if an individual is at risk of developing those conditions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is carrier testing?

Used to identify individuals who carry genes for certain conditions that can be passed down to their offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is prenatal testing?

This testing is performed during pregnancy to detect genetic disorders in the developing fetus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does ultrasound help with prenatal testing?

Ultrasound, a noninvasive imaging technique, can detect some fetal abnormalities, but usually needs further confirmation from diagnostic tests.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does Huntington's disease affect?

It affects the brain and nervous system, leading to progressive deterioration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amniocentesis

A prenatal test performed between 15 to 20 weeks of pregnancy to detect chromosomal abnormalities, inherited diseases, and certain developmental defects in the fetus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A prenatal test performed between 10 to 13 weeks of pregnancy to detect chromosomal abnormalities by taking a sample of cells from the placenta.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maternal Blood Testing

A non-invasive prenatal test that analyzes fetal DNA present in the mother's blood to detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Preimplantation Genetic Testing

A test used to detect harmful genes in embryos after artificial insemination, but before implantation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forensic DNA Testing

Used in law enforcement to identify suspects, victims, or analyze DNA samples for investigation purposes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lineage DNA Testing

Used to determine parentage or other family relationships by analyzing DNA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Newborn Screening

Routine tests performed on newborns to detect treatable genetic conditions or diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diagnostic DNA Testing

Used by healthcare professionals to confirm or rule out genetic diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Germ-line gene therapy

A technique that targets sperm or egg cells to correct genetic abnormalities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infertility

The inability to conceive after 12 months of trying, often due to problems with the reproductive system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

A technique where eggs and sperm are combined outside the body to create an embryo for implantation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Artificial insemination

Manually injecting viable semen into the vagina to achieve pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homologous artificial insemination

Using the male partner's sperm to fertilize the female partner's eggs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heterologous artificial insemination

Using donor sperm to fertilize the woman's eggs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Surrogacy

A woman carries a child to term for a couple who cannot.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gestational surrogacy

The surrogate mother is not genetically related to the embryo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gene Therapy

Replacing or repairing a faulty gene to correct a genetic disorder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Somatic Gene Therapy

Replacing a faulty gene in non-reproductive cells to treat a specific genetic disorder.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency

A genetic disorder where the immune system is weakened, often leading to death in infancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A disorder where the body cannot break down a component of protein, requiring a special diet to prevent complications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homocystinuria

A disorder where the body cannot process an amino acid, requiring treatment with vitamins and dietary changes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism

A gene variant that can lead to elevated homocysteine levels, which can be managed with folic acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Congenital Virilizing Adrenal Hypoplasia

A genetic disorder affecting the adrenal glands, often treated by treating the mother during pregnancy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

In Utero Cellular Therapy

Treatment for a genetic disorder during pregnancy, often involving cell transplantation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adoption Laws

All 50 states have laws regulating adoption, including those regarding the legal rights of adoptive parents and children.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parens Patriae

This doctrine allows the state to act as a parent in cases where a child's well-being is at risk, potentially overriding parental decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Child Abuse Amendments: Treatment Options

Federal law allows physicians to withhold treatment from infants with severe, irreversible conditions if parents agree, considering the child's best interests.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Safe Haven Laws

All 50 states have laws allowing parents to safely abandon newborns at designated locations without legal prosecution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Common Law Rights of Parents

Parents have the legal right to make healthcare decisions for their minor children.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Newborn Legal Rights

Newborns have the same legal rights as any other American citizen, regardless of their health condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

State Intervention for Child Welfare

The state has the authority to intervene and remove children from abusive or neglectful situations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Abandonment Laws

These laws are designed to protect children from abandonment by providing safe options for parents in desperate situations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Objectives

  • Discuss family history as a predictor of disease risk.
  • Identify appropriate uses for DNA testing, and explain how such tests might lead to genetic discrimination.
  • Define genetic engineering, and explain why cloning and stem cell research are controversial issues.
  • Explain three possible remedies for couples experiencing infertility problems.
  • List those laws affecting healthcare that pertain especially to children's rights.

Vocabulary

  • Heredity: The process by which genetic traits are passed on to offspring.
  • Genetics: The science that accounts for differences and resemblances among people and other organisms related by descent.
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Makes up chromosomes.
  • Gene: A segment of DNA that contains the formula for building a protein.

DNA

  • The relationship between DNA inherited from ancestors and diseases has been scientifically confirmed.
  • Family history is a strong risk factor for disease complexes like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and psychiatric illnesses.
  • A person inherits cultural and socioeconomic experiences from family, which can influence their risk of health problems.
  • Forty-six chromosomes (23 pairs) are found in every human cell except reproductive cells.
  • Each chromosome carries genes responsible for physical characteristics like eye, skin, and hair color, height, body type, and intelligence.
  • The human genome contains about 20,000 to 25,000 genes.

DNA Testing

  • Predictive testing: Used to determine if genes associated with hereditary diseases are present.
  • Carrier testing: Identifies if an individual carries harmful genes that can be passed on to offspring.

More Testing

  • Prenatal testing: Used to identify genetic disorders in the fetus (ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, maternal blood tests).
  • Preimplantation testing: Looks for harmful genes in embryos before implantation.

And More Testing

  • Forensic testing: Used in law enforcement to eliminate or identify suspects.
  • Tracing lineage: Determines parentage relationships.
  • Newborn screening: Identifies treatable genetic conditions.
  • Diagnostic testing: Used to confirm or rule out genetic diseases.
  • Medical treatment determination: Identifies how medications are processed in a specific patient to determine effectiveness and dosage.

Genetic Diseases

  • Permanent changes in DNA (mutations) often cause genetic diseases.
  • Mutations can involve one or multiple genes.
  • Environmental factors (age, smoking, exposure to toxins) can trigger genetic diseases.
  • Genetic diseases can result from abnormalities in chromosome structure or number.
  • Health care professionals can counsel patients about genetic diseases and their testing options.

Genetic Discrimination

  • The ability to identify genetic differences raises concerns about the proper use of this information.
  • Genetic discrimination refers to differential treatment based on genetic differences.
  • The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) prohibits discrimination in the workplace and health insurance based on genetic information.
  • The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides protections against genetic discrimination in the workplace.

Genetic Engineering

  • Genetically modifying organisms to transfer desirable characteristics from one species to another.

Cloning

  • Cloning produces exact copies of another cell, tissue, or organism.
  • Gene cloning: Exact copies of gene segments.
  • Therapeutic cloning: Produces copies of embryonic stem cells to repair injured tissues.
  • Reproductive cloning: Exact copies of entire animals.
  • Ethical concerns and objections exist regarding cloning.

Exceptions to the Rule

  • Cloning may be used to produce substances useful in medicine or for animal tissue/organ transplantation.
  • Animal rights proponents object to cloning for human benefit.

Clone Continued

  • Cloning viability varies—only 1 or 2 healthy animals result in approximately 100 attempts.
  • Cloning can cause health problems and possibly early deaths.
  • Scientists don't understand the impact of cloning on mental development.

Ethical Concerns

  • Ethical questions arise about allowing trial and error in human cloning.
  • Issues surrounding family dynamics and financial access to cloning services are considerations.
  • Many states have laws prohibiting human cloning.

Gene Therapy

  • Inserting a normal gene into cells to correct a genetic defect.
  • Gene therapy can help correct genetic defects or block overactive pathways.
  • The treatment of some genetic diseases may involve special diets, vitamins, or other agents.

Gene Therapy Continued

  • Germ-line gene therapy is controversial due to ethical, research, and safety issues.

Infertility

  • 10-15 percent of reproductive-age couples experience infertility.
  • Infertility can result from issues with reproductive structures or processes.
  • Various approaches to address infertility exist, including in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, and surrogacy.

Surrogate/Adoption

  • A surrogate mother agrees to carry a child to term for another couple.
  • Both gestational and traditional surrogacy exist.
  • Adoption is a legal option for couples to raise children.
  • Child abuse prevention and treatment laws apply to adoption practices.

Children's Rights

  • Common law gives parents the right to make healthcare decisions for their children in many cases.
  • "Parens patriae" gives the state authority to intervene in the best interest of children.
  • Legal rights of newborns are similar to other citizens, but special consideration exists for newborns with severe disabilities.

Abandonment

  • There are many stories of parents abandoning newborns.
  • Safe haven laws allow parents to leave newborns in safe locations without legal repercussions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Medic 210 Ch11 (1) PDF

Description

Explore the critical connections between family history, DNA, and disease risk in this quiz. Gain insights into the implications of DNA testing, genetic engineering, and legal aspects affecting children's healthcare rights. Understand the controversies surrounding cloning and stem cell research while looking at infertility remedies.

More Like This

Genetic Testing Quiz
5 questions

Genetic Testing Quiz

SecureBlessing avatar
SecureBlessing
Genetics and Family Health Chapter 11
48 questions

Genetics and Family Health Chapter 11

VisionaryChrysoprase1467 avatar
VisionaryChrysoprase1467
Genetics Chapter 11 Objectives
48 questions

Genetics Chapter 11 Objectives

VisionaryChrysoprase1467 avatar
VisionaryChrysoprase1467
Genetics and Family Health Chapter 11
48 questions

Genetics and Family Health Chapter 11

WellBeingCuboFuturism avatar
WellBeingCuboFuturism
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser