Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following diseases can be influenced by family history?
Which of the following diseases can be influenced by family history?
Genetic engineering is never subject to controversy.
Genetic engineering is never subject to controversy.
False
What term describes the process by which genetic traits are passed on to offspring?
What term describes the process by which genetic traits are passed on to offspring?
Heredity
Every human cell, except egg and sperm cells, has __________ chromosomes.
Every human cell, except egg and sperm cells, has __________ chromosomes.
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What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
What is the role of DNA in protein synthesis?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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DNA is made up of chromosomes and is necessary for protein synthesis.
DNA is made up of chromosomes and is necessary for protein synthesis.
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What are two possible sources of health risk aside from genetics?
What are two possible sources of health risk aside from genetics?
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How many genes do humans have approximately?
How many genes do humans have approximately?
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Each human inherits all chromosomes from their mother.
Each human inherits all chromosomes from their mother.
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What is the purpose of predictive genetic testing?
What is the purpose of predictive genetic testing?
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The Human Genome Project was funded by the __________ government.
The Human Genome Project was funded by the __________ government.
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Match the type of genetic testing with its description:
Match the type of genetic testing with its description:
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What significant finding did the Human Genome Project reveal about the number of human genes?
What significant finding did the Human Genome Project reveal about the number of human genes?
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Carrier testing is used to identify genetic disorders in a fetus.
Carrier testing is used to identify genetic disorders in a fetus.
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What can ultrasound detect in prenatal testing?
What can ultrasound detect in prenatal testing?
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What is the main purpose of amniocentesis?
What is the main purpose of amniocentesis?
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Chorionic villus sampling can be performed earlier than amniocentesis in a pregnancy.
Chorionic villus sampling can be performed earlier than amniocentesis in a pregnancy.
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What type of testing uses maternal blood to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities?
What type of testing uses maternal blood to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities?
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Chorionic villus sampling involves _______ cells from the placenta.
Chorionic villus sampling involves _______ cells from the placenta.
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What is a potential ethical concern regarding human cloning?
What is a potential ethical concern regarding human cloning?
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Gene therapy can only treat genetic diseases at the adult stage.
Gene therapy can only treat genetic diseases at the adult stage.
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Which of the following is NOT a use of forensic testing?
Which of the following is NOT a use of forensic testing?
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What does somatic gene therapy involve?
What does somatic gene therapy involve?
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Match the following testing types with their primary purpose:
Match the following testing types with their primary purpose:
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Gene therapy includes therapies that replace a deficiency or block an _________ pathway.
Gene therapy includes therapies that replace a deficiency or block an _________ pathway.
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Forensic testing is used to eliminate or designate _______ in a crime.
Forensic testing is used to eliminate or designate _______ in a crime.
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What is the typical age of gestation for performing maternal blood tests?
What is the typical age of gestation for performing maternal blood tests?
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What is the main purpose of gene therapy?
What is the main purpose of gene therapy?
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Most states currently allow human cloning without any legal restrictions.
Most states currently allow human cloning without any legal restrictions.
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The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of _______ was an attempt to establish federal legislation against cloning.
The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of _______ was an attempt to establish federal legislation against cloning.
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Match the following diseases or conditions with their respective gene therapy applications:
Match the following diseases or conditions with their respective gene therapy applications:
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What federal act contains provisions relevant to adoptive parents?
What federal act contains provisions relevant to adoptive parents?
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All 50 states allow parents to abandon their newborns without facing legal consequences.
All 50 states allow parents to abandon their newborns without facing legal consequences.
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What doctrine allows the state to act as a parental authority in certain situations?
What doctrine allows the state to act as a parental authority in certain situations?
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The ________ provides treatment options for newborns with severe disabilities.
The ________ provides treatment options for newborns with severe disabilities.
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Under what circumstances can treatment be withheld from newborns according to federal law?
Under what circumstances can treatment be withheld from newborns according to federal law?
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Safe haven laws allow a parent to ________ a newborn at a safe location.
Safe haven laws allow a parent to ________ a newborn at a safe location.
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What is the primary purpose of safe haven laws?
What is the primary purpose of safe haven laws?
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Match the following legal principles or acts with their definitions:
Match the following legal principles or acts with their definitions:
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What is the primary ethical concern regarding germ-line gene therapy?
What is the primary ethical concern regarding germ-line gene therapy?
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Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive for a period of 6 months or longer.
Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive for a period of 6 months or longer.
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What is one method used in assisted reproduction techniques to facilitate conception?
What is one method used in assisted reproduction techniques to facilitate conception?
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In homologous artificial insemination, the sperm used comes from the woman's _______.
In homologous artificial insemination, the sperm used comes from the woman's _______.
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Which type of surrogacy involves a surrogate who is genetically related to the fetus?
Which type of surrogacy involves a surrogate who is genetically related to the fetus?
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About 10 to 15 percent of reproductive-age couples in the U.S. experience infertility.
About 10 to 15 percent of reproductive-age couples in the U.S. experience infertility.
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A woman who cannot carry an embryo to term may choose to use a _______ mother.
A woman who cannot carry an embryo to term may choose to use a _______ mother.
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Study Notes
Objectives
- Discuss family history as a predictor of disease risk.
- Identify appropriate uses for DNA testing, and explain how such tests might lead to genetic discrimination.
- Define genetic engineering, and explain why cloning and stem cell research are controversial issues.
- Explain three possible remedies for couples experiencing infertility problems.
- List those laws affecting healthcare that pertain especially to children's rights.
Vocabulary
- Heredity: The process by which genetic traits are passed on to offspring.
- Genetics: The science that accounts for differences and resemblances among people and other organisms related by descent.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Makes up chromosomes.
- Gene: A segment of DNA that contains the formula for building a protein.
DNA
- The relationship between DNA inherited from ancestors and diseases has been scientifically confirmed.
- Family history is a strong risk factor for disease complexes like cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and psychiatric illnesses.
- A person inherits cultural and socioeconomic experiences from family, which can influence their risk of health problems.
- Forty-six chromosomes (23 pairs) are found in every human cell except reproductive cells.
- Each chromosome carries genes responsible for physical characteristics like eye, skin, and hair color, height, body type, and intelligence.
- The human genome contains about 20,000 to 25,000 genes.
DNA Testing
- Predictive testing: Used to determine if genes associated with hereditary diseases are present.
- Carrier testing: Identifies if an individual carries harmful genes that can be passed on to offspring.
More Testing
- Prenatal testing: Used to identify genetic disorders in the fetus (ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, maternal blood tests).
- Preimplantation testing: Looks for harmful genes in embryos before implantation.
And More Testing
- Forensic testing: Used in law enforcement to eliminate or identify suspects.
- Tracing lineage: Determines parentage relationships.
- Newborn screening: Identifies treatable genetic conditions.
- Diagnostic testing: Used to confirm or rule out genetic diseases.
- Medical treatment determination: Identifies how medications are processed in a specific patient to determine effectiveness and dosage.
Genetic Diseases
- Permanent changes in DNA (mutations) often cause genetic diseases.
- Mutations can involve one or multiple genes.
- Environmental factors (age, smoking, exposure to toxins) can trigger genetic diseases.
- Genetic diseases can result from abnormalities in chromosome structure or number.
- Health care professionals can counsel patients about genetic diseases and their testing options.
Genetic Discrimination
- The ability to identify genetic differences raises concerns about the proper use of this information.
- Genetic discrimination refers to differential treatment based on genetic differences.
- The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) prohibits discrimination in the workplace and health insurance based on genetic information.
- The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides protections against genetic discrimination in the workplace.
Genetic Engineering
- Genetically modifying organisms to transfer desirable characteristics from one species to another.
Cloning
- Cloning produces exact copies of another cell, tissue, or organism.
- Gene cloning: Exact copies of gene segments.
- Therapeutic cloning: Produces copies of embryonic stem cells to repair injured tissues.
- Reproductive cloning: Exact copies of entire animals.
- Ethical concerns and objections exist regarding cloning.
Exceptions to the Rule
- Cloning may be used to produce substances useful in medicine or for animal tissue/organ transplantation.
- Animal rights proponents object to cloning for human benefit.
Clone Continued
- Cloning viability varies—only 1 or 2 healthy animals result in approximately 100 attempts.
- Cloning can cause health problems and possibly early deaths.
- Scientists don't understand the impact of cloning on mental development.
Ethical Concerns
- Ethical questions arise about allowing trial and error in human cloning.
- Issues surrounding family dynamics and financial access to cloning services are considerations.
- Many states have laws prohibiting human cloning.
Gene Therapy
- Inserting a normal gene into cells to correct a genetic defect.
- Gene therapy can help correct genetic defects or block overactive pathways.
- The treatment of some genetic diseases may involve special diets, vitamins, or other agents.
Gene Therapy Continued
- Germ-line gene therapy is controversial due to ethical, research, and safety issues.
Infertility
- 10-15 percent of reproductive-age couples experience infertility.
- Infertility can result from issues with reproductive structures or processes.
- Various approaches to address infertility exist, including in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, and surrogacy.
Surrogate/Adoption
- A surrogate mother agrees to carry a child to term for another couple.
- Both gestational and traditional surrogacy exist.
- Adoption is a legal option for couples to raise children.
- Child abuse prevention and treatment laws apply to adoption practices.
Children's Rights
- Common law gives parents the right to make healthcare decisions for their children in many cases.
- "Parens patriae" gives the state authority to intervene in the best interest of children.
- Legal rights of newborns are similar to other citizens, but special consideration exists for newborns with severe disabilities.
Abandonment
- There are many stories of parents abandoning newborns.
- Safe haven laws allow parents to leave newborns in safe locations without legal repercussions.
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Description
Explore the critical connections between family history, DNA, and disease risk in this quiz. Gain insights into the implications of DNA testing, genetic engineering, and legal aspects affecting children's healthcare rights. Understand the controversies surrounding cloning and stem cell research while looking at infertility remedies.
