Genetics: Blood Groups and Dihybrid Crosses
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Questions and Answers

What is the genetic material found in chromosomes?

  • RNA
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Chromatin (correct)

    • What is a gene?

  • A segment of DNA (correct)
  • A segment of lipids
  • A segment of RNA
  • A segment of proteins

    • In genetics, what are different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes called?

  • Chromosomes
  • Phenotypes
  • Genes
  • Alleles (correct)

    • What term refers to the physical appearance of an organism based on its genotype?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an organism has two identical alleles for a trait, it is considered:

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Law of Dominance, what will all individuals of the first generation (F1) display when two homozygous organisms with contrasting traits are crossed?

    <p>Dominant trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what does complete dominance refer to?

    <p>One allele completely masks the expression of the other in the heterozygous condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of incomplete dominance in genetics?

    <p>A blend or intermediate phenotype is seen in heterozygous individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical format for representing a genetics cross involving alleles?

    <p>Using letters (capital for dominant, lowercase for recessive).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves both alleles being fully expressed without blending?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Mendel's Principle of Segregation explain in genetics?

    <p>How traits are transmitted from parents to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of the two parents (both blood group B) that can produce a child with blood group O?

    <p>IBi and IBi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dihybrid crosses, what does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

    <p>Genes located on different chromosomes separate independently during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of a homozygous black, heterozygous rough hamster?

    <p>BBRr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are males and females represented in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Males are represented by circles, and females by squares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do shaded symbols typically represent in pedigree diagrams?

    <p>Individuals expressing a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can one determine if a trait is dominant or recessive in a pedigree diagram?

    <p>By analyzing which individuals express the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals expressing a recessive trait?

    <p>Homozygous recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree, why are males more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits?

    <p>Due to having only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation leads to the production of incorrect or defective proteins?

    <p>Harmful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Down syndrome?

    <p>Non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind individuals with dimples having at least one dominant allele?

    <p>Being homozygous dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gene mutations usually occur during DNA replication?

    <p>By altering base pairs like adding, omitting, or doubling up base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio for males and females when gametes combine during fertilization?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of sex-linked disorders, why are X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome, making it more likely for recessive alleles to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly due to a deficiency in a clotting factor?

    <p>Haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are women less likely to be color-blind compared to men?

    <p>Women possess two X chromosomes and need two copies of the recessive allele to express color-blindness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why DNA profiling is considered more reliable than blood group testing for paternity determination?

    <p>Blood groups are not unique and can be shared among unrelated individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when two alleles are described as co-dominant in relation to blood grouping?

    <p>Both alleles exert equal influence on the phenotype when present together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of genetic engineering?

    <p>Enhancing the genetic makeup of an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential application of stem cell research?

    <p>Repairing heart cells post-heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique was used to create Dolly the sheep?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

    <p>Producing cheaper and more effective pharmaceuticals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key ethical concern raised by genetic engineering?

    <p>Long-term impacts on ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what indicates that a man is not the father?

    <p>The combination of mother's and father's blood groups could not produce the child's blood group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are adult stem cells less controversial compared to embryonic stem cells?

    <p>Because adult stem cells do not have ethical concerns associated with their use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of paternity testing?

    <p>To find out if a man is the biological father of a child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can genetic engineering potentially revolutionize?

    <p>Medicine, agriculture, and environmental management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of cloning described in the text?

    <p>Therapeutic cloning for tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of genetic engineering?

    <p>Modifying the genetic makeup of organisms to introduce specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique was notably used to create Dolly the sheep?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

    <p>Producing cheaper and more effective pharmaceuticals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of stem cells raises ethical concerns due to its origin?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant ethical consideration associated with genetic engineering?

    <p>Long-term impacts on ecosystems and human health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves creating a genetically identical copy of an organism?

    <p>Cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary application of stem cells in medical treatments?

    <p>Replacing damaged cells in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential environmental concern associated with genetic engineering?

    <p>Unknown long-term impacts on ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using adult stem cells rather than embryonic stem cells?

    <p>Lower ethical concerns due to their source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic concept that involves a situation where two alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic principle states that each gamete carries only one allele for each trait?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept involves the inheritance of single traits and was first systematically studied by Gregor Mendel?

    <p>Monohybrid Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what characteristic distinguishes incomplete dominance from complete dominance?

    <p>Blending or intermediate phenotype in heterozygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic cross involves tracking the inheritance of two different characteristics?

    <p>Dihybrid Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an organism with two different alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves the physical appearance of an organism based on its genetic makeup?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept refers to the specific characteristics determined by an organism's genetic makeup?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When contrasting traits are crossed, which law states that all individuals of the first generation (F1) will display the dominant trait?

    <p>Law of Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders, such as haemophilia, more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have one X chromosome, making them more susceptible to X-linked disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotype represents a female carrier of haemophilia who does not manifest the disease?

    <p>XHXh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, why can an individual with the genotype IBi have the blood type B?

    <p>The recessive allele i is suppressed by IB, leading to the expression of blood type B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males have a higher chance of being color-blind if they inherit the Xb allele?

    <p>Males possess one X chromosome, so any mutation on that chromosome will result in color-blindness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood type of an individual with the genotype IAIB?

    <p>Blood type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can blood grouping provide initial evidence for paternity testing but is not conclusive?

    <p>DNA profiling can confirm paternity more accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the concept of dihybrid crosses, what does Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment state?

    <p>Alleles of different genes separate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dihybrid crosses, what is the significance of considering two characteristics like plant height and flower color in Mendel's pea plants?

    <p>They are inherited independently, provided the genes are not on the same chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing a pedigree diagram, what do shaded symbols typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a recessive trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using Punnett squares in genetics?

    <p>To predict the genotype and phenotype of offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants, what would be the genotype for a plant with tall height and white flowers?

    <p><strong>Ttww</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    When determining the possible gametes in a dihybrid cross, why is it important to consider independent assortment?

    <p>To account for the segregation of genes on the same chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely genotype of individuals expressing a recessive trait?

    <p>Homozygous recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree, what does it indicate if two parents do not express a recessive trait but their child does?

    <p>Both parents are carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves changes to non-coding DNA and does not affect the cell's structure or functioning?

    <p>Harmless mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of a gene mutation if a base pair is added or omitted during DNA replication?

    <p>Harmful mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Down syndrome?

    <p>Non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21 during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene mutation leads to the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules in sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>Harmful mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes stem cells from other cells?

    <p>Their ability to develop into different types of body cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves altering an organism's genetic material to express desired traits?

    <p>Genetic engineering in GMO creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of therapeutic cloning?

    <p>Tissue repair for medical purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concern is raised regarding the use of embryonic stem cells in medical treatments?

    <p>Ethical concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of cloning mentioned in the text?

    <p>Improving food supply by breeding superior animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are adult stem cells considered less controversial compared to embryonic stem cells?

    <p>They do not raise ethical concerns related to their source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consideration when discussing the commercial aspects of genetic engineering?

    <p>Accessibility and rights to genetically engineered seeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what indicates that a man is not the father?

    <p>'Impossible' combination of blood groups between parents and child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic term for different forms of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the term for an organism with two identical alleles for a particular trait?

    <p>Homozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expressed in the phenotype whether in homozygous or heterozygous condition?

    <p>Dominant alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the genetic makeup of an organism determining its specific characteristics?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when two homozygous organisms with contrasting traits are crossed, according to the Law of Dominance?

    <p>All individuals will display the dominant trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are long threads of DNA that carry genetic information known as?

    <p>Chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of a couple having a baby girl after having three sons?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, which concept involves a situation where both alleles in the pair are fully expressed, leading to a phenotype that simultaneously shows both traits without blending?

    <p>Co-Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome carries more genes, making it commonly linked to genetic mutations and disorders?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic principle states that an organism possesses two alleles for any particular trait and that these alleles segregate during the formation of gametes?

    <p>Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of color blindness, particularly red-green color blindness?

    <p>Lack of proteins in the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When solving genetics problems, what is the typical format for representing a genetics cross involving alleles?

    <p>Punnett Squares</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blood grouping, why do individuals with genotype IAIB have blood type AB?

    <p>They have both A and B antigens on their red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus, although an individual can only have two of these alleles?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross, which type of inheritance involves a situation where neither allele is completely dominant over the other?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the inheritance pattern where an individual expresses both alleles equally, resulting in a combined phenotype?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering genetic crosses, which concept predicts the likelihood of different traits appearing in offspring?

    <p>Monohybrid Crosses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely genotype of individuals not expressing a dominant trait?

    <p>Homozygous recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what does it indicate if a man expresses a recessive trait that the child also expresses?

    <p>The man is the father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gene mutation leads to the condition of albinism?

    <p>Recessive gene mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering a pedigree diagram, what do unshaded symbols usually represent?

    <p>Individuals not expressing a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For an autosomal recessive trait, what would be the genotype of individuals expressing the trait?

    <p>Homozygous recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic event leads to Down syndrome?

    <p>Chromosomal aberration during Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants, what is the significance of considering two characteristics like plant height and flower color?

    <p>It allows for the independent assortment of alleles from different genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to analyze pedigree diagrams to determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive?

    <p>To understand how the trait is inherited over multiple generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information can shaded symbols in pedigree diagrams typically represent?

    <p>Individuals expressing a recessive trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When determining possible gametes in a dihybrid cross, what does the concept of independent assortment refer to?

    <p>The random distribution of alleles into gametes for different traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is identifying whether a trait is dominant or recessive crucial when interpreting pedigree diagrams?

    <p>To understand how the trait will be inherited over multiple generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Punnett square play in genetics, specifically in determining offspring phenotypes?

    <p>Providing a visual representation of possible allele combinations and their probabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of genetic engineering?

    <p>Therapeutic cloning for tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes stem cells from other cells?

    <p>Their ability to replicate indefinitely without losing their properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves altering an organism's genetic material to express desired traits?

    <p>Creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using adult stem cells rather than embryonic stem cells?

    <p>Less ethical controversy surrounding their use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source of stem cells raises ethical concerns due to its origin?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paternity testing, what indicates that a man is not the father?

    <p>Child's blood group is unique and cannot be produced by the parents' blood groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves the inheritance of single traits and was first systematically studied by Gregor Mendel?

    <p>Monohybrid cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique was used to create Dolly the sheep?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gene mutation leads to the production of faulty haemoglobin molecules in sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>Substitution mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind individuals with dimples having at least one dominant allele?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what concept involves a genetic cross that focuses on two different characteristics?

    <p>Dihybrid Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which genetic concept would you expect offspring with an intermediate phenotype different from both parents in heterozygous individuals?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If someone inherits two different alleles that are fully expressed in the phenotype, which genetic concept does this scenario represent?

    <p>Monohybrid Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus, although individuals can only have two of these alleles?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross, if both alleles in the pair are fully expressed without blending, which genetic concept does this scenario illustrate?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept in human blood types refers to the situation where both A and B alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of sex-linked disorders, why are X-linked traits and disorders like haemophilia more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one copy of the X chromosome, making X-linked traits more likely to be expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do males have a higher chance of being color-blind if they inherit the Xb allele?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, so if they inherit the Xb allele, they will be color-blind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of a couple having a baby girl after having three sons?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why DNA profiling is considered more reliable than blood group testing for paternity determination?

    <p>DNA profiles provide unique genetic information that is specific to each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the inheritance pattern where an individual expresses both alleles equally, resulting in a combined phenotype?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are adult stem cells considered less controversial compared to embryonic stem cells?

    <p>Adult stem cells do not involve ethical concerns related to embryo destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

    <p>Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, what is the relationship between genes and alleles?

    <p>Alleles carry genetic information, while genes code for specific traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes homozygous organisms from heterozygous organisms?

    <p>Homozygous organisms have matching alleles, while heterozygous organisms have different alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Dominance state when contrasting traits of homozygous organisms are crossed?

    <p>All individuals of the first generation will display the dominant trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do recessive alleles differ from dominant alleles in terms of their phenotypic expression?

    <p>Recessive alleles are masked in the phenotype, while dominant alleles are always visible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the specific characteristics of an organism according to genetics?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gene mutation leads to albinism as described in the text?

    <p>An autosomal recessive gene mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario could lead to a child having Down syndrome according to the text?

    <p>The fusion of a normal gamete with a gamete with an extra chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of a harmless gene mutation as discussed in the text?

    <p>Enhanced survival chances for the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with dimples inherit their trait according to the text?

    <p>By being homozygous dominant (DD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing factor between harmful mutations and useful mutations in genetics?

    <p>Enhancement of survival chances for the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gene mutations contribute to natural selection according to the text?

    <p>By creating advantageous genetic variations enhancing survival chances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants, why is it crucial to consider alleles located on different chromosomes?

    <p>To guarantee independent assortment of alleles during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using Punnett squares in genetic crosses like dihybrid crosses?

    <p>To visualize all possible combinations of alleles and predict genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pedigree diagrams, what does a vertical line leading downwards to other symbols represent?

    <p>The inheritance of genetic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pedigree diagrams with shaded symbols useful in understanding genetic lineages?

    <p>To differentiate affected individuals from those not expressing a particular trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, what is a direct consequence of alleles segregating independently during gamete formation?

    <p>Higher probability of new allele combinations in offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to understand the difference between genotype and phenotype when interpreting genetic lineages?

    <p>To avoid confusion between the genetic makeup and physical expression of traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes genetic engineering in biotechnology?

    <p>It involves altering the genetic makeup of an organism to enhance specific traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the use of embryonic stem cells in medical treatments considered more controversial compared to adult stem cells?

    <p>Embryonic stem cell research raises ethical concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes GMOs from natural organisms?

    <p>GMOs express desired traits through genetic engineering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cloning, what is the primary purpose of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique?

    <p>To create an identical copy of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potential concerns associated with genetic engineering mentioned in the text?

    <p>Long-term impacts on human health remain uncertain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential application of stem cell research highlighted in the text?

    <p>Developing gene therapy for diseases like cystic fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Producing more resilient and abundant crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cloning considered beneficial for preserving endangered species?

    <p>To breed genetically identical individuals for conservation purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes natural cloning from artificial cloning?

    <p>Artificial cloning creates genetically identical copies of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves comparing blood groups and DNA profiles to determine paternity?

    <p>Paternity testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic event leads to Down syndrome?

    <p>Translocation of chromosome 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes GMOs from natural organisms?

    <p>Artificial genetic modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gene mutation leads to the condition of albinism?

    <p>Nonsense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes an organism with two different alleles at the same locus on homologous chromosomes?

    <p>Heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, what is a direct consequence of alleles segregating independently during gamete formation?

    <p>Increased genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked traits and disorders, such as haemophilia, more commonly expressed in males than in females?

    <p>Males have only one X chromosome, so any X-linked trait is immediately expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can an individual with the genotype IBi have the blood type B?

    <p>Complete dominance of IB over i allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when a female inherits two Xh alleles (XhXh) for haemophilia?

    <p>She manifests haemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between blood types A and B?

    <p>Blood type A shows complete dominance over O while blood type B shows co-dominance with O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can blood grouping provide initial evidence but not conclusive proof in paternity testing?

    <p>The shared commonality of blood types among the population reduces its reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with dimples inherit this trait?

    <p>Via a recessive allele for dimples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a genetic cross involving two different characteristics, what term is used to describe a situation where both alleles in the pair are fully expressed without blending?

    <p>Co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When solving genetics problems, which concept explains the segregation of alleles during gamete formation?

    <p>Mendel's Principle of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic concept involves offspring with an intermediate phenotype that is different from both parents due to neither allele being completely dominant?

    <p>Incomplete Dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetics, what term refers to having more than two alternative forms of a gene at the same locus?

    <p>Multiple Alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic concept involves tracking the inheritance of different versions (alleles) of one gene from parents to offspring?

    <p>Monohybrid Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering sex determination in humans, which genetic cross results in equal probability of having a male or female offspring?

    <p>Sex determination cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely genotype of an individual with dimples?

    <p>Heterozygous (Dd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pedigree diagram, what does a horizontal line connecting two symbols usually represent?

    <p>Marriage or partnership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation leads to genetic disorders like haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>Harmful mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a non-disjunction event during meiosis in relation to chromosome number?

    <p>Extra chromosome in gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender is more frequently affected by sex-linked recessive traits like color-blindness?

    <p>Males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic crosses, what does it mean if two parents do not express a recessive trait but their offspring does?

    <p>Both parents are carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross involving Mendel's pea plants, what is the significance of alleles separating independently during gamete formation?

    <p>It results in new combinations of alleles in the offspring's genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pedigree diagrams with shaded symbols particularly useful in understanding genetic lineages?

    <p>They represent individuals expressing a particular trait across multiple generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes incomplete dominance from complete dominance in genetics?

    <p>Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits, while complete dominance shows clear dominance of one allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of identifying whether a trait is dominant or recessive when interpreting pedigree diagrams?

    <p>It assists in understanding how traits are passed down through generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering a dihybrid cross, why is it important to fill in a Punnett square with all possible combinations of gametes?

    <p>To calculate all potential genotypes resulting from independent assortment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do pedigree diagrams use squares to represent males and circles to represent females?

    <p>To help quickly identify the sex of individuals and track mating and offspring relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of genetic engineering within biotechnology?

    <p>Modifying the genetic makeup of organisms to introduce specific traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about stem cells is true?

    <p>Embryonic stem cells are more controversial than adult stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic approach involves altering an organism's genetic material to express desired traits?

    <p>Creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable application of cloning mentioned in the text?

    <p>Preserving endangered species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the use of embryonic stem cells raise ethical concerns?

    <p>Because they are more controversial than adult stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some potential uses of stem cells mentioned in the text?

    <p>Replacing damaged cells in the body for medical treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves inserting a donor's body cell nucleus into an egg cell?

    <p>Cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some concerns raised by genetic engineering mentioned in the text?

    <p>'Long-term impacts on ecosystems and human health' remain uncertain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) mentioned in the text?

    <p>Producing more resilient and abundant crops for food security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adult stem cells from embryonic stem cells in terms of controversies?

    <p>Adult stem cells are more widely used due to fewer ethical concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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