Blood Groups and Genetics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of the presence of type A and type B alleles on blood cells?

They prevent blood transfusion reactions.

They lead to weak antigen-antibody reactions.

They cause the production of antibodies.

They create strong agglutinogens on the cell surfaces. (correct)

How are alleles A and B inherited in relation to allele O?

A and B are dominant over O. (correct)

A and B are co-dominant with O.

O is recessive to A but dominant over B.

O is dominant over A and B.

Which of the following genotypes corresponds to blood type A?

OA or AB

OA or AA (correct)

AA or OB

AB or OO

What is the total number of possible blood type genotypes mentioned?

6 Signup and view all the answers

A person with genotype OO will have which blood type?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

Which alleles would produce a person with type B blood?

OB or BB Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements best describes the O-A-B system of antigens?

It significantly affects blood transfusion compatibility. Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes contribute to a person's blood type inheritance?

Two sets of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Rh immunoglobulin in preventing Rh sensitization?

To inhibit B lymphocyte antibody production induced by the D antigen Signup and view all the answers

What condition is likely to be observed in a jaundiced, erythroblastotic newborn?

Anemia at birth Signup and view all the answers

How do the fetal macrophages react to hemoglobin released by hemolyzed red blood cells?

They convert hemoglobin into bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome following a transfusion of mismatched blood types?

Destruction of recipient's red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected duration for maternal anti-Rh agglutinins to persist in an infant's blood?

1 to 2 months Signup and view all the answers

Why is it uncommon for transfused blood to agglutinate the recipient's cells?

The plasma of donor blood is rapidly cleared Signup and view all the answers

What organ is primarily involved in the production of RBCs in response to hemolysis in a newborn?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a consequence of Rh sensitization in the mother?

Increased fetal growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical lifespan of allografts in a healthy immune system without specific therapy to prevent rejection?

1 to 3 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graft is most likely to cause immune reactions shortly after transplantation?

Xenografts Signup and view all the answers

What is a key cellular component that is primarily responsible for killing grafted cells in allograft rejection?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

What class of drugs is commonly used to suppress the immune system to prevent graft rejection?

Glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of effective tissue typing in transplantation?

Enhances the success rate of allografts Signup and view all the answers

What happens to grafts in individuals with a severely depressed immune system?

Grafts can successfully survive without significant therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in graft survival?

Induces T-cell proliferation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graft is expected to have the longest survival rate if properly matched?

Kidney allografts Signup and view all the answers

Which drug specifically inhibits the formation of T-helper cells?

Cyclosporine Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with the use of immunosuppressive therapies?

Higher susceptibility to infectious diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs has a known toxic effect on the lymphoid system?

Tacrolimus Signup and view all the answers

What condition reportedly has a higher incidence in immunosuppressed individuals?

Cancers Signup and view all the answers

Which agents are particularly valuable for blocking T-cell rejection reactions?

Azathioprine and Tacrolimus Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of using immunosuppressive antibody therapy?

Potential for antibody-mediated rejection Signup and view all the answers

Which effect does the drug Azathioprine have on T cells?

Inhibits formation of antibodies and T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors might lead to rampant bacterial and viral infections in patients?

Immunosuppressive drugs Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the amount of free hemoglobin exceeds the quantity that can bind with haptoglobin?

Much of the excess leaks through the glomerular membranes into the kidney tubules. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if a large amount of hemoglobin is not reabsorbed by the kidneys?

It precipitates and blocks many kidney tubules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of haptoglobin in the bloodstream?

It binds and helps eliminate excess hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to acute renal shutdown in the context described?

Continuous water reabsorption leading to hemoglobin blockage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex in transplantation?

It is crucial for preventing antigen-antibody reactions during transplantation. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it nearly impossible for two individuals to have the same six HLA antigens?

The total number of possible HLA combinations exceeds one trillion. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if acute renal shutdown remains unresolved?

It leads to death in approximately 7 to 12 days without treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does circulatory shock have in kidney function related to hemoglobin release?

It can contribute to renal tubular blockage. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Group Alleles

Type A and type B alleles are responsible for producing strong agglutinogens on human blood cells.
The O allele is recessive to A and B alleles and shows co-dominance.
Individuals possess two sets of chromosomes but can only have one allele on each.

Blood Types and Genotypes

The O-A-B antigen system and Rh system are crucial in determining blood types.
The possible genotypes are OO, OA, OB, AA, BB, and AB, totaling six combinations.
A genotype of OO results in blood type O, while OA or AA leads to type A, OB or BB corresponds to type B, and AB produces type AB.

Rh Factor and Pregnancy

Rh immunoglobulin administered to Rh-negative mothers prevents sensitization by Rh-positive fetal blood.
Agglutination may occur, leading to hemolysis, jaundice, and anemia in newborns due to the mother's anti-Rh antibodies.

Transfusion Reactions

Mismatched blood transfusions can cause severe agglutination, primarily due to donor blood interacting with the recipient's antibodies.
The recipient's plasma may not agglutinate their own cells, reducing the likelihood of self-agglutination from transfused blood.

Kidney Function and Hemoglobin

Excess free hemoglobin from hemolyzed RBCs can overwhelm haptoglobin, leading to renal complications.
Acute renal shutdown can occur if hemoglobin levels exceed binding capacity, possibly leading to kidney damage.

Tissue Transplantation and HLA Antigens

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens significantly impact graft acceptance or rejection.
Each person typically expresses six different HLA antigens, with over a trillion possible combinations, making matching very complex.

Preventing Graft Rejection

Strategies include detailed tissue typing, donor-recipient matching, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs.
Various methods aim to suppress the immune response, allowing for graft survival, including glucocorticoids and specific antilymphocyte therapies.

Immunosuppressive Treatments

Drugs like cyclosporine and tacrolimus specifically target T-helper cell function to prevent graft rejection.
While immunosuppression can enhance graft survival, it leaves patients vulnerable to infections and increases cancer risk.

Clinical Applications of Tissue Transplantation

Transplants have been successful for many tissues, such as kidneys, hearts, and lungs, depending on proper matching.
Recent advancements show that with improved techniques, allografts can last from several years up to a decade, significantly enhancing transplant viability.

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Description

Test your knowledge on blood group alleles, genotypes, and the implications of the Rh factor during pregnancy. This quiz covers the basics of blood types, their genetic inheritance, and crucial transfusion information. Explore how these elements play a role in human health and reproduction.