Genetics and Prenatal Testing Quiz

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Questions and Answers

A disease caused by a single gene with a 50/50 chance of affecting each male child falls under which category?

Sex-linked single-gene disorder (correct)

Dominant disorder

Multifactorial disorder

Recessive disorder

Which of the following is NOT a prenatal test used for identifying potential disorders?

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

MRI

Ultrasound

Electroencephalography (EEG) (correct)

What type of genetic disorder is Huntington's disease?

Dominant disorder (correct)

Recessive disorder

Sex-linked single-gene disorder

Multifactorial disorder

Which of the following requires two copies of an abnormal gene for the illness to manifest?

Recessive disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a recessive genetic disorder?

Cystic fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for housing the developing baby during pregnancy?

Uterus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?

To connect the ovaries to the uterus Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of an ovum being released from the ovary?

Ovulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the testes?

To manufacture sperm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a chromosome?

A threadlike strand of DNA carrying genetic information Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for transporting nutrients to the fetus and removing fetal wastes?

Umbilical cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA?

To transmit hereditary characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the fluid-filled membrane that protects and insulates the fetus?

Amniotic sac Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene comprised of?

A segment of DNA holding a chemical blueprint for a protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general term for the period of pregnancy?

Gestation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common hormone released during pregnancy?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the naturally occurring loss of pregnancy and the death of the fetus?

Miscarriage Signup and view all the answers

During which trimester does a pregnant woman typically experience quickening?

Second trimester Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a physical concern during the third trimester?

Increased energy levels Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, how have rates of depression among pregnant women changed in recent decades?

Increased slightly Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy, as reported in the text?

About the same as the general population Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of heavy smoking during pregnancy?

Inhibition of fetal growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a teratogen?

A substance that crosses the placenta and harms the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a cluster of birth defects due to maternal alcohol consumption?

Fetal alcohol syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of prenatal trauma and maternal stress according to fetal programming research?

Promotion of obesity Signup and view all the answers

During which stage are teratogens most likely to cause major structural damage?

The embryonic stage Signup and view all the answers

What describes the 'sensitive period' in fetal development?

A time when the body structure is most vulnerable to damage by teratogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common chromosomal abnormality?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

How can teratogens affect the developing brain?

Throughout the entire pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What severe outcome can result from chromosomal abnormalities in babies?

Infertility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of teratogen exposure?

Developmental disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term impact of prenatal deprivation of nutrients?

Impaired growth and obesity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?

Distinctive physical characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when it is said that teratogens exert their damage unpredictably?

Damage depends on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is a birth defect?

A physical or neurological problem occurring prenatally or at birth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fetal programming research?

Exploration of the impact of prenatal stress Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about teratogen threshold levels is correct?

Teratogens have a threshold level above which damage occurs Signup and view all the answers

What might be a result of smaller-than-normal birth weight due to environmental factors?

Higher likelihood of obesity Signup and view all the answers

What type of problems can developmental disorders cause?

Learning impairments and behavioral issues Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of Down syndrome?

Distinctive physical features Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, and Birth

Chapter 2 of "Experiencing the Lifespan"
Focuses on the processes and stages of prenatal development, pregnancy, and birth.

The Reproductive Systems (part 1)

Uterus: Pear-shaped muscular organ housing the developing baby, lined with endometrium.
Cervix: The narrow lower portion of the uterus.
Fallopian Tubes: Pair of slim, pipe-like structures connecting the ovaries and uterus.
Ovaries: Almond-shaped organs containing ova (eggs).
Ovum: Egg cell containing the mother's genetic material.

The Reproductive Systems (part 2)

Diagrams showing the female and male reproductive systems.
Labels for key parts of each system, including ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix (female) and testes, penis (male)

The Process of Fertilization

Fertilization: The union of sperm and egg.
Ovulation: The release of an ovum from the ovary.
Testes: Male organs responsible for sperm production.

The Genetics of Fertilization

Chromosome: Threadlike strand of DNA containing genes that transmit hereditary information.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the material making up genes and carrying hereditary characteristics.
Gene: Segment of DNA containing the blueprint for manufacturing a particular protein.

Chromosomes and DNA

Diagrams illustrating chromosomes, DNA, and genes within a cell.
Charts showing the typical human chromosomes.

Prenatal Development (part 1)

Germinal Stage (first 2 weeks): The initial phase of prenatal development, from fertilization to implantation.
- Zygote
- Blastocyst
- Implantation
- Placenta

Prenatal Development (part 2)

Embryonic Stage (weeks 3-8): The second stage of prenatal development, characterized by rapid organ formation.
- Major organs are constructed
- Neural tube
- Rapid body development

The Events of the Germinal Stage

Diagrams illustrating the steps of fertilization, cell division, implantation, and the formation of the blastocyst.

Principles of Prenatal Development (part 1)

Proximodistal Sequence: Development progresses from the center of the body outward.
Cephalocaudal Sequence: Development occurs from the head downward.
Mass-to-Specific Sequence: Large structures and movements develop before detailed refinements.

Principles of Prenatal Development (part 2)

Images depicting the development of a fetus.

Prenatal Development (part 3)

Fetal Stage (week 9 to birth): The final stage of prenatal development marked by physical refinements, massive growth, and brain development.
- Age of Viability: Earliest point a baby can survive outside the womb.

The Expanding Brain

Images of fetal brain development at different stages.
- 4 months
- 7 months
- 9 months

Poised to Be Born

Umbilical Cord: Connects the fetus to the placenta and facilitates nutrient and waste exchange.
Amniotic Sac: Fluid-filled sac protecting and insulating the fetus.

Pregnancy (part 1)

First Trimester: Often characterized by tiredness and illness.
Gestation: The period of pregnancy
Trimester: One of the three three-month segments of pregnancy.
Hormones: Chemical substances released into the bloodstream affecting organs and tissues during pregnancy.
- Progesterone
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Morning sickness and Couvade (symptom in fathers)
Miscarriage: Naturally occurring loss of pregnancy and death of the fetus.

Pregnancy (part 2)

Second Trimester: Feeling better and stronger emotional connection.
Quickening: Feeling the fetus move.
Third Trimester: Feeling very large and waiting for birth.
Physical concerns such as backaches, leg cramps, numbness, tingling, heartburn, insomnia.

Results from meta-analysis show slight increases in certain conditions during pregnancy.
- Anxiety and depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders.
General anxiety doesn't increase in pregnant women.
Factors such as work/family and relationship issues, rising cortisol levels in the mate may contribute to changes in pregnancy distress rates.

Pregnancy (part 3)

Shows percentage change over time in minor and serious depression in women.

Threats for Outside: Teratogens

Teratogens: Substances that cross the placenta harming the fetus.
Birth Defects: Physical or neurological problems occurring prenatally or at birth.
Sensitive Period: Specific time when a body structure is most vulnerable to teratogen damage.

Basic Teratogenic Principles

Teratogens primarily affect the embryonic stage causing major structural damage.
The developing brain is vulnerable throughout pregnancy to teratogens.
Teratogens damage is unpredictable and depends on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities.

###The Teratogenic Impact of Medicines and Recreational Drugs

Smoking: Associated with decreased growth in babies and developmental effects.
Alcohol: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), a cluster of defects caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs).
Genetic changes causing impaired neural growth effects.

The Long Shadow of Traumatic Life Events

Severe prenatal traumas affect the entire lifespan
Prenatal stress can lead to impaired growth, and an expectation of deprivation.
Outcomes include excessive eating, and excessive fat storage, which could contribute to obesity, as well as potentially a shorter life expectancy.
Fetal Programming research explores the effects of traumatic pregnancy events and stresses on later life functioning

Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (part 1)

Chromosomal problems (abnormal number of sex chromosomes) can result in learning impairments, and sometimes fertility issues.
Down Syndrome: Leading cause of chromosomal abnormality, causing intellectual disability, health problems, and distinctive physical characteristics.

Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (part 2)

Most illnesses (cancer, heart disease, schizophrenia) result from complex nature - plus - nurture interactions.
Single-gene disorders: Disorders caused by presence of a single abnormal gene, which are inherited in a variety of ways (dominant, recessive, sex-linked).

Threats from Within: Chromosomal and Genetic Disorders (part 3)

Dominant disorders (inherit from one abnormal gene). Examples include Huntington's disease.
Recessive disorders (two abnormal genes needed for the disorder to occur). Examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease.
Sex-linked disorders (inherited on the X chromosome). Examples include hemophilia.

Interventions

Genetic counseling: Advice on the potential risks of genetic disorders to individual families.
Genetic testing: Evaluation of genes to check for potential genetic disorders.
Prenatal tests: Including MRIs, ultrasounds, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), and amniocentesis are used to check for potential genetic disorders, defects etc..

Prenatal Development, Pregnancy, Prenatal Threats, Tools of Discovery (Timeline)

Summarizes the various stages of prenatal developments (germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.)
Details the periods of vulnerability (sensitive period) of the developing fetus to teratogens.
Information on tools used to discover or identify potential issues during pregnancy (prenatal tests, genetic counseling etc.)

Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (part 1)

Infertility: Inability to conceive after a year of unprotected sex, or an inability to carry to term.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Fertilization of an egg outside the womb.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): A type of ART in which conception occurs outside the womb.

Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (part 2)

Information about the different trimesters of pregnancy.
Details on the pregnancy symptoms and issues that occur during each trimester.
Different tools used to discover issues during pregnancy.

Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (part 3)

Information on Fertility issues.
Details on what Assisted Reproductive Technology is.
Details about IVF
Details surrounding implantation and pregnancy hormone issues.

Infertility and New Reproductive Technologies (part 4)

Graph showing decreasing ART success rates related to increasing the mother's age.

Birth

Stage 1: Dilation and effacement of the cervix, crowning.
Stage 2: Birth of the baby.
Stage 3: Expulsion of the placenta.
Breech Birth: Baby is born feet first.

Birth Options, Past and Present

Eighteenth century to nineteenth-century birth options (midwives, contagious diseases).
Early twentieth-century options (modern hospital births, impersonal procedures).
Natural childbirth options (midwives, doulas, Lamaze and Bradley methods).
Medical interventions (episiotomy, epidurals, electronic fetal monitors, C-sections).

The Newborn (part 1)

Testing newborns: The Apgar scale.
Low birth weight (LBW): Less than 5.5 pounds at birth.
Very low birth weight (VLBW): Less than 3.25 pounds at birth.
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU): Special hospital unit for treating at-risk newborns (low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies).

The Newborn (part 2)

Images of healthy newborns, and babies in the NICU.
Description of how a baby is evaluated and the types of factors affecting infant wellbeing.

Infant Mortality

Graph showing infant mortality rates across different countries.

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Description

Test your knowledge on genetics, genetic disorders, and prenatal testing with this quiz. Explore topics including gene inheritance patterns, reproductive structures, and functions related to pregnancy. Ideal for students studying biology or medicine.