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Questions and Answers
What is the main factor that can impact physical performance according to the text?
How do identical genes (genotype) result in very different phenotypes?
What type of training involves muscles contracting against very high external resistances?
Which type of training involves exercise for long periods at lower external workloads?
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What is the key principle highlighted in the text that states adaptations are specific to the type of training?
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What creates massive differences in the 'phenotype' of athletes, as discussed in the text?
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What is the impact of experimental blood doping on VO2 max?
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What is considered a limiting factor of VO2 max according to the provided text?
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What is the relationship between minute ventilation (VE) and VO2/workload at low/moderate intensities?
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What coincides with an increase in blood lactate during exercise?
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What becomes the primary fuel source when the maximal rate of fat oxidation is too slow to meet muscle demand for ATP?
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What leads to the increased production of lactate and H+ during exercise?
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What is another common term used to refer to 'LT' and 'VT'?
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Why is the use of the term 'anaerobic' considered misleading by some?
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What does VO2max set the upper limit for?
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Why is VO2max not considered the most sensitive predictor of endurance performance?
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What does lactate threshold provide a better estimation of compared to VO2max?
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Why is lactate threshold considered a more sensitive predictor of performance according to the text?
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What is the primary factor determining endurance performance according to the text?
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During submaximal exercise at a given workload, what contributes to the reduced afterload on the heart?
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Which factor plays a critical role in determining strength/power performance?
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What effect does maximal exercise have on oxygen consumption?
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In endurance performance, which component directly impacts mechanical efficiency?
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What contributes significantly to strength/power performance among the factors mentioned in the text?
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Which factor is NOT a determinant of endurance performance based on the information provided?
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What is the primary function of improved capillary density in muscles according to the text?
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What is the primary purpose of Cardiopulmonary exercise testing mentioned in the text?
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What is the significance of lactate threshold (LT) in determining fitness levels?
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Which component is NOT a part of the Summary of Cardiovascular (CV) adaptations to endurance training described?
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What aspect is typically assessed through Strength/Power performance tests according to the text?
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Study Notes
Factors Determining Endurance Performance
- Max CO (HR X SV), Haemoglobin content, Sustainable % VO2 max, VO2 Max, Oxidative enzymes/mitochondrial density, Lactate threshold, % Type I muscle fibre, Mechanical efficiency, and Critical power are key factors determining endurance performance.
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Endurance Training
- Central adaptations include increased maximal cardiac output, cardiac hypertrophy, and increased blood volume and Haemoglobin content.
- Peripheral adaptations include improved ability of muscle to pick up and use O2, increased capillary density, and improved transit time and diffusion distance.
Assessment of Fitness
- Exercise tests aim to measure functional aspects of training adaptations, including strength/power performance tests (e.g., 30-sec Wingate cycling test or 1-rep max test) and endurance performance tests (e.g., incremental exercise tests).
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Endurance Training
- During rest, heart rate decreases, stroke volume increases, and cardiac output remains unchanged.
- During submaximal exercise, workload represents a relatively lower percentage of VO2max, resulting in lower myocardial O2 demand and consumption.
- During maximal exercise, VO2max, power output, and maximal cardiac output increase, along with maximal minute ventilation and O2 extraction.
Factors Determining Strength/Power Performance
- Skeletal muscle factors such as fibre type, anaerobic enzymes, ATP, Pcr, Glycogen, cross-sectional area, and contraction velocity determine strength/power performance.
References and Further Reading
- Adapted from Coyle and Joyner (2008), Hargreaves and Hawley, and Bassett and Howley (1999).
Genetics and Performance
- Specific versions of genes can impact physical performance and adaptations to exercise training, but environmental factors also play a significant role in shaping athletic performance.
Exercise Training
- Exercise involves contraction of skeletal muscle, and different types of training produce different outcomes, with specificity of adaptations to the type of training.
- Resistance training involves high-intensity, short-duration exercise, while endurance training involves low-intensity, long-duration exercise.
Principles of Training
- Adaptations are specific to the type of training, and training principles include specificity, overload, and reversibility.
Blood Doping and Hemoglobin Content
- Hemoglobin content is a limiting factor of VO2max, and experimental blood doping increases VO2max by 4-9%.
Capillary Density and Endurance Performance
- Increased capillary density enhances O2 delivery to the working muscle and is an important determinant of endurance performance.
Lactate Threshold and Performance
- Lactate threshold is a more sensitive predictor of endurance performance than VO2max, as it estimates the % VO2 max that can be sustained for long periods.
Ventilatory Threshold and Lactate Threshold
- Ventilatory threshold coincides with lactate threshold, marking the point where there is an increase in blood lactate levels and ventilatory response during incremental exercise.
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Description
Explore how specific gene variants can impact physical performance and exercise adaptations in athletes. Learn about the relationship between genotype, phenotype, and physiological characteristics of athletes compared to normal healthy individuals.
