Genetics and Klinefelter Syndrome Overview

A genetic condition where males inherit an extra X chromosome, resulting in the genotype XXY (or rarely XXXY).

Individuals with Klinefelter Syndrome may have a higher pitched voice, underdeveloped male characteristics, and may experience infertility.

A genetic condition where males inherit an extra Y chromosome, resulting in the genotype XYY.

Individuals with XYY Syndrome are often taller than average and typically have normal physical and intellectual development.

A genetic condition affecting females where they inherit an extra X chromosome, resulting in the genotype XXX.

Individuals with Triple-X Syndrome often have normal physical development and intelligence. They may experience some learning difficulties.

A genetic condition affecting females where they inherit only one X chromosome, resulting in the genotype XO.

Individuals with Turner Syndrome may have short stature, underdeveloped ovaries, and may experience heart and kidney problems.

Protein filaments with two heads that bind to Actin and use ATP for movement. They are involved in various cellular processes like cytokinesis, cell motility, and vesicle transport.

A type of Myosin motor responsible for muscle contraction and the formation of "thick filaments".

Large, hollow cylindrical structures composed of alpha and beta tubulin subunits. These subunits assemble into protofilaments that form the microtubule.

The end of a microtubule where subunit addition occurs at a faster rate.

The end of a microtubule where subunit addition occurs at a slower rate.

A specialized structure near the nucleus that organizes microtubules in a radial array. It acts as the origin point from which microtubules radiate outward.

The arrangement of microtubules extending from the MTOC, creating a network of tracks for cellular transport.

The process of assembling microtubules from tubulin subunits.

Cell division is the process where a single cell divides to create two new cells. It's essential for growth, repair, and reproduction in living organisms.

Prokaryotic cells have a simple structure, lacking a nucleus and certain organelles. They contain a circular chromosome.

Eukaryotic cells are more complex, containing a nucleus that houses their DNA and other organelles.

In eukaryotic cells, cell division involves a complex process that ensures accurate replication of chromosomes and distribution of genetic material to daughter cells.

A fertilized egg undergoes multiple rounds of cell division to form an embryo, a process vital for development.

Fragmentation of an embryo is a condition where some of its cells are damaged or break off, potentially impacting its ability to develop.

Polyploidy in preimplantation embryos is a condition where cells have more than the usual two sets of chromosomes, often hampering development.

Multinucleated blastomeres are cells in the early embryo containing multiple nuclei, which can affect their developmental potential.

The outermost layer of the cell wall, composed mainly of pectin (calcium pectate). It acts as a glue holding adjacent cells together, enabling communication through plasmodesmata.

The layer of the cell wall directly inside the middle lamella, predominantly composed of cellulose microfibrils. It provides structural support and allows for cell growth.

A layer formed inside the primary cell wall, often containing lignin in addition to cellulose. It provides rigidity and strength, especially important in mature tissues.

Small channels that penetrate the cell wall, connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. They facilitate the movement of molecules and allow for communication between cells.

A long, flexible polymer composed of glucose monomers. It forms the basic framework of the plant cell wall and provides strength and support.

A complex organic polymer found in plant cell walls, particularly in the secondary cell wall. It adds rigidity and strength, making the cell wall more resistant to degradation.

A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

A type of carbohydrate found in the middle lamella, contributing to its adhesive properties. It helps to bind adjacent cells together.

Lysosomes are known as the "recycling centers" of the cell. They contain powerful enzymes that break down damaged organelles and cellular debris for reuse.

Lysosomes are bounded by a single membrane, have a diameter between 50nm and 1 μm, and contain acid hydrolases, which are enzymes that break down macromolecules.

Lysosomes are active even during starvation. They can break down cell organelles to provide nutrients when the cell lacks external food.

Mitochondria are rod-shaped organelles that are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell. They specialize in converting oxygen and nutrients into ATP, a form of energy essential for cellular functions.

The number of mitochondria in a cell varies depending on the cell's energy demands. Cells with higher energy requirements will have more mitochondria.

Chloroplasts are organelles responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants create their own food. They contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that captures sunlight for energy production.

Chloroplasts are located in the outer part of a plant cell to maximize their exposure to sunlight and facilitate the process of photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll, a green pigment found in chloroplasts, absorbs sunlight energy for photosynthesis.

The process where a diploid cell divides twice to produce four haploid daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell, and unique combinations of genetic material.

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, creating new combinations of genes and contributing to genetic diversity.

The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. This is important for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

The process of forming gametes (sperm and egg cells) through meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes by half and produces haploid cells.

The structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information in the form of DNA, responsible for controlling and directing cellular activities.

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions. These structures include the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and more.

The study of the ultra-fine structures of cells, revealed through electron microscopy.

The division of labor within a cell, where different organelles perform specific tasks, which collectively contribute to the cell's overall function.