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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the primary difference between mitosis and meiosis?
In a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
In a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
Which blood type is known to be the universal donor?
Which blood type is known to be the universal donor?
When interpreting a pedigree chart, which trait would indicate a dominant inheritance pattern?
When interpreting a pedigree chart, which trait would indicate a dominant inheritance pattern?
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What happens to DNA during gel electrophoresis?
What happens to DNA during gel electrophoresis?
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What is the primary purpose of PCR in genetics?
What is the primary purpose of PCR in genetics?
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In which step of gel electrophoresis are DNA samples prepared for visualization?
In which step of gel electrophoresis are DNA samples prepared for visualization?
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In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Tt), what is the expected genotypic ratio?
In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Tt), what is the expected genotypic ratio?
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Study Notes
Genetics and Inheritance
- Definitions: Key terms include gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, and recessive.
- Example: A genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., Bb), and a phenotype is the physical trait (e.g., brown eyes).
- Solving Problems: Use Punnett squares to predict offspring outcomes.
Mitosis and Meiosis
- Mitosis: Produces 2 identical diploid cells (body cells). No genetic variation.
- Meiosis: Produces 4 non-identical haploid cells (gametes). Increases genetic variation through crossing-over.
Genetic Crosses
- Monohybrid Cross: Focuses on one trait (e.g., Tt x Tt). Predicts the phenotypic ratio (e.g., 3:1) and genotypic ratio (e.g., 1:2:1)
- Dihybrid Cross: Examines two traits (e.g., AaBb x AaBb). This predicts a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
Pedigrees
- Analysis: Use pedigree charts to identify dominant or recessive traits and determine if individuals are homozygous or heterozygous.
Blood Type
- Types: A, B, AB, O.
- Compatibility: O is a universal donor; AB is a universal recipient.
- Inheritance: Determined by antigens (A/B) and alleles (IA, IB, i).
Gel Electrophoresis
- Process: DNA samples are loaded into a gel, run with an electric current, and stained to visualize DNA bands.
- Principle: DNA, being negatively charged, moves toward the positive end of the gel. Smaller fragments move faster.
- Size Separation: Electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size.
- Steps:
- Load DNA samples into the gel.
- Run the gel with an electric current.
- Stain the gel to view the DNA bands.
PCR and Electrophoresis Applications
- PCR: Used for diagnosing diseases, identifying genetic mutations, and forensic DNA matching. Analysis of DNA size, and checking PCR results.
- Electrophoresis: Used for DNA fingerprinting and analyzing DNA size.
Gel Interpretation
- Procedure: Examine gel bands to correlate with size markers. This helps identify presence/absence and position of genes/traits.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in genetics and inheritance, including definitions of important terms, the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and genetic crosses. Discover how to use Punnett squares and pedigree charts to predict traits and analyze genetic outcomes.
