Genetics Study Guide PDF

Here are the simplified answers based on the content provided: 1\. Define, give examples, and solve problems using genetics and inheritance terms. Definitions: Learn key terms like gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, and recessive. Example: A genotype is the...

Here are the simplified answers based on the content provided: 1\. Define, give examples, and solve problems using genetics and inheritance terms. Definitions: Learn key terms like gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, and recessive. Example: A genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., Bb), and a phenotype is the physical trait (e.g., brown eyes). How to Solve: Use Punnett squares to predict offspring outcomes. 2\. Compare mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis: Produces 2 identical diploid cells (body cells); no genetic variation. Meiosis: Produces 4 non-identical haploid cells (gametes); increases genetic diversity through crossing-over. 3\. Solve mono- and dihybrid crosses for genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Monohybrid Cross: Focus on one trait (e.g., Tt x Tt → 3:1 ratio for phenotype, 1:2:1 for genotype). Dihybrid Cross: Focus on two traits (e.g., AaBb x AaBb → 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio). 4\. Determine genotypes/phenotypes of individuals from pedigrees. Use a pedigree chart to: Identify dominant or recessive traits. Determine if an individual is homozygous or heterozygous. 5\. Describe blood type compatibility and inheritance. Blood Types: A, B, AB, O. Compatibility: O is universal donor, AB is universal recipient. Inheritance: Based on antigens (A/B) and alleles (IA, IB, i). 6\. Principles of gel electrophoresis. How it works: DNA moves through a gel toward the positive end because it's negatively charged. Size separation: Smaller fragments move faster and farther. 7\. Describe the process of gel electrophoresis and staining. Steps: 1\. Load DNA samples into the gel. 2\. Run the gel with an electric current. 3\. Stain the gel to see the DNA bands. 8\. Applications of PCR and electrophoresis. PCR: Diagnosing diseases, identifying genetic mutations, forensic DNA matching. Electrophoresis: DNA fingerprinting, analyzing DNA size, checking PCR results. 9\. Interpret an example gel to determine traits. Look at the bands: Match band positions to a size marker. Compare bands to determine presence or absence of a gene/trait. Let me know if you need further clarification!