Genetics and Genetic Engineering Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is an example of a product of genetic engineering in agriculture?

  • Heritage corn
  • Wild berries
  • Seedless grapes (correct)
  • Organic tomatoes

Which statement correctly describes the genetic engineering of glow-in-the-dark cats?

  • They were created using DNA from fireflies.
  • They were developed to improve eyesight.
  • They were designed to absorb more sunlight.
  • A virus was used to insert jellyfish DNA. (correct)

Which ancient civilization speculated about heredity around 420 B.C.?

  • Romans
  • Chinese
  • Egyptians
  • Greeks (correct)

What was the first instance of artificial selection noted in history?

<p>Domestication of horses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what century did biological studies begin to significantly impact the understanding of genetics?

<p>19th century (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a product of genetic engineering?

<p>Naturally bred vegetables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the concept of heredity important in the development of genetics?

<p>It established inheritance patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recombinant DNA technology primarily used for?

<p>Combining genetic material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which milestone in genetic engineering occurred first?

<p>The invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the first transgenic dairy cow created by GenPharm International in the 1990s?

<p>To produce human milk proteins for infant formula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines recombinant DNA technology?

<p>The joining together of DNA molecules from different organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant development was announced nearly two decades after the launch of the Human Genome Initiative?

<p>The completion of the Human Genome Project (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary application of recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Producing insulin for diabetes treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the first successful gene therapy conducted for ADA deficiency?

<p>1990 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific breakthrough was highlighted in 1997?

<p>Birth of Dolly the sheep, the first mammalian clone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bacterial or yeast cells play in recombinant DNA research?

<p>They act as hosts to propagate engineered DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To cut DNA at specific sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves introducing recombinant DNA into a host cell?

<p>Insertion of Recombinant DNA Into Host (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DNA ligase do in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>It attaches two pieces of DNA together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To amplify DNA into millions of copies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the recombinant DNA technology process?

<p>Gene sequencing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plasmid?

<p>A small circular DNA molecule in bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is electroporation used for in genetic engineering?

<p>To deliver genes into cells without a vector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of cohesive (sticky) ends produced by restriction enzymes?

<p>They can join with complementary DNA fragments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using accurately pulsed electrical current in gene transfer?

<p>To facilitate the movement of molecules into the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines recombinant DNA?

<p>DNA from two or more different sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques can be used for protoplast fusion?

<p>Chemical and physical methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tools is critical in recombinant DNA technology for cutting DNA?

<p>Restriction endonucleases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes microinjection?

<p>A process involving the use of a fine-tipped glass needle to insert DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genetically engineered bacteriophages in transduction?

<p>To introduce recombinant DNA into cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the leading figures in developing the early techniques of recombinant DNA technology between 1972 and 1974?

<p>Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gene therapy primarily concerned with?

<p>Removing defective genes and replacing them with functional genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule did Cohen and Boyer use to create genetically modified organisms?

<p>Recombinant plasmid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the December 2, 1980 patent regarding recombinant DNA technology?

<p>It was the first patent for a genetically modified organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of recombinant DNA technology used in medicine?

<p>Recombinant Human Growth Hormone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism has been modified to produce diesel fuel as a byproduct?

<p>Cyanobacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property does the ability of bacteria to swap plasmids allow them to possess?

<p>Resistance to antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is linked to a defect in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA)?

<p>Severe Combined Immuno-Deficiency (SCID). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'molecular chimeras' refer to in the context of recombinant DNA?

<p>DNA consisting of parts from two different organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Mendel publish his work on pea plants?

<p>1865 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with identifying the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase in 1970?

<p>David Baltimore (A), Paul Berg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins make in the early 1950s?

<p>Obtained X-ray diffraction data for DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant discovery did Hershey and Chase make in 1951?

<p>Hereditary material is DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization first produced recombinant DNA in 1972?

<p>Boyers Laboratory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major contribution of Werner Arber in the late 1960s?

<p>Identified restriction enzymes in bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is associated with X-ray crystallography applied by the Braggs?

<p>Studying DNA structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation occurred in 1976 in the context of biotechnology?

<p>First biotechnology company Genentech was established (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes to introduce new traits or modify existing ones.

What is recombinant DNA technology?

Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different sources to create a new DNA molecule. This is a key technique in genetic engineering.

What is biotechnology?

Biotechnology encompasses a wide range of technologies that utilize biological systems and living organisms to create products or processes that benefit humans.

How is genetic engineering used in agriculture?

Genetic engineering is a powerful tool for improving crops by introducing traits like disease resistance, increased yield, and improved nutritional content.

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How is genetic engineering used in medicine?

Genetic engineering can create new medicines, therapies, and diagnostic tools for treating diseases. For example, insulin for diabetes is now produced using genetically modified bacteria.

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How is genetic engineering used in industry?

Genetic engineering has applications in industry, such as production of biofuels, enzymes, and biodegradable plastics. It helps develop eco-friendly alternatives.

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How is genetic engineering used in environmental protection?

Genetic engineering can be utilized to clean up pollution, develop bioremediation techniques, and create sustainable solutions for environmental challenges.

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What are the applications of genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering is used in various fields to bring about desired changes in organisms. These changes can range from altering crop yields to developing new disease treatments.

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Bacterial Plasmids

A type of DNA molecule found in bacteria that can replicate independently of the main bacterial chromosome.

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Recombinant DNA Technology

A process that uses enzymes to cut and paste DNA segments from different sources, creating new combinations.

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Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, acting like molecular scissors.

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Reverse Transcriptase

An enzyme that transcribes RNA into DNA, contrary to the usual flow of genetic information.

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William Astbury

An early biophysicist who used X-ray diffraction to study biological molecules and coined the term "molecular biology".

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Molecular Biology

The scientific field that studies the structure and function of biological molecules, particularly at the molecular level.

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Rosalind Franklin

A pioneering scientist who, along with Maurice Wilkins, obtained X-ray diffraction data crucial for Watson and Crick's DNA model.

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Alfred Hershey

Along with Martha Chase, he showed that DNA is the hereditary material, not protein, using the famous "blender experiment".

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Recombinant DNA

DNA molecules made by combining genetic material from different sources.

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Plasmids

Circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria, separate from the main chromosome, that can carry genes.

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Restriction endonucleases

Enzymes that act like molecular scissors, cutting DNA at specific sequences.

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Genetically modified organism (GMO)

A genetic modification that results in an organism with new genes.

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Antibiotic resistance

The ability of an organism to resist the effects of harmful substances like antibiotics.

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Biotechnology

The study and manipulation of genetic material to create new products and applications.

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Gene transfer

The transfer of genes between different species, creating organisms with combinations of genetic material from multiple sources.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA, making it possible to study and manipulate genetic material in a controlled way. It involves repeating cycles of heating and cooling to create millions of copies of a target DNA sequence.

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Genetic Engineering

The process of introducing genetic material from one organism into another, often involving the use of recombinant DNA technology. This can be used to modify existing traits or introduce new ones.

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Transgenic Technology

The manipulation of genetic material to introduce new traits into plants or animals. This technology has the potential to improve crops, livestock, and solve food security challenges.

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Gene Therapy

The introduction of genetic material into a patient's cells to treat genetic disorders. This technology has the potential to cure a wide range of diseases by correcting defective genes.

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Transgenic Organism

An organism that carries genetic material from another organism. This is a product of genetic engineering and can be used for various purposes, such as producing valuable proteins or improving crop yields.

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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

A type of cell-based cloning where the nucleus of a somatic cell (non-reproductive cell) is transferred into an enucleated egg cell. The resulting embryo can then be implanted into a surrogate mother to produce a genetically identical copy of the donor organism.

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Electroporation

A technique used to insert foreign DNA into recipient cells using a brief electrical pulse, creating temporary pores in the cell membrane for DNA entry.

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Protoplast Fusion

A method of gene transfer that involves fusing the protoplasm of two different plant cells to create a hybrid cell.

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Microinjection

A technique using a micropipette (fine needle) to inject DNA directly into the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell, especially effective for large cells.

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Transduction

A method of gene transfer that involves using bacteriophages (viruses infecting bacteria) to carry and deliver foreign DNA into bacterial cells.

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Bioplastic and Biofuel from Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria have been genetically modified to produce plastic (polyethylene) and fuel (butanol) as byproducts of photosynthesis.

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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes influence a person's response to drugs.

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Recombinant Insulin

Recombinant insulin, produced through genetic engineering, is a key example of a medically useful biological.

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What is a plasmid?

A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms. It can be used as a vector to carry and replicate foreign genes.

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What are restriction enzymes?

Specialized enzymes that act as molecular scissors, recognizing specific DNA sequences and cutting them at those sites. They are crucial in gene manipulation.

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What is DNA ligase?

An enzyme that joins two pieces of DNA together, forming a single, continuous strand. It is essential for creating recombinant DNA molecules.

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What is restriction enzyme digestion?

A process that uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, creating fragments that can be inserted into vectors. This is a key step in genetic engineering.

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What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

A technique that amplifies a single copy of DNA into thousands or millions of copies. This helps to get enough DNA for analysis or further manipulation.

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What is transformation?

The insertion of recombinant DNA into a host cell. This is how modified genes are introduced into organisms.

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What is electroporation?

A method for delivering genetic material into cells by applying an electric field. It creates temporary pores in the cell membrane, allowing DNA to enter.

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What is transduction?

A method of introducing foreign DNA into bacteria using a virus. This is an alternative to vectorless gene transfer like electroporation.

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Study Notes

Assignment Instructions

  • Create a one-page document.
  • List at least five products of genetic engineering across Medicine, Agriculture, Industry, or Environment.
  • Select one product and explain why and how it was engineered, along with its advantages and disadvantages.

Examples of Genetic Engineering Products

  • Glow-in-the-dark cats: Scientists used a virus to introduce jellyfish DNA, resulting in fluorescent proteins in their fur.
  • Fast-growing salmon: This salmon genetically modified with growth hormones from other fishes reaches a larger size in 18 months.
  • Seedless grapes: These grapes have been genetically modified to reduce or eliminate the presence of seeds.
  • Disease-resistant rice: Scientists have engineered rice varieties to resist specific diseases, enhancing crop yield.
  • Enhanced Nutritional Value in crops: Crops with genetically modified genes can have better or increased nutritional value such as vitamin content.
  • Insect-Resistant Crops: These crops have been genetically modified to withstand insect pests, promoting crop yield by reducing pest damage.
  • Herbicide-Resistant Crops: Modified crops can withstand herbicides, which can be utilized in farming practices to eliminate unwanted plants.
  • Drought/Freeze-resistant crops: Crops have been made resistant to extreme weather or temperature conditions.
  • Faster growing crops: Crops with faster growth cycles promote high yield output.
  • Improved shelf-life in food products: Some foods can have extended shelf-life through genetic modifications for longer storage.
  • Enhanced Color in fruits and vegetables; crops such as tomatoes can have a variation in colors and better quality.

Detailed Explanation of a Genetic Engineering Product (Example: Fast-Growing Salmon)

  • Why engineered?: Increased growth rate of salmon within a shorter timeframe increases the output of food product production.

  • How engineered?: Genes from other fish types were introduced into salmon, triggering continuous growth hormone production.

  • Advantages:

  • Faster production of salmon.

  • Improved fish yield, which increased output.

  • Economic benefits for fish farmers.

  • Disadvantages:

  • Potential environmental impact, due to interspecies competition or genetic drift.

  • Concerns about the safety of consuming GM salmon.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of genetics and genetic engineering with this quiz. Explore topics ranging from ancient civilizations' understanding of heredity to modern applications of recombinant DNA technology. Challenge yourself with questions on artificial selection and the products of genetic engineering in agriculture.

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