Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to the genetic explanation, how do genes influence OCD?
According to the genetic explanation, how do genes influence OCD?
Genes contribute to an individual's vulnerability to developing OCD. Lewis (1936) found higher rates of OCD among relatives of patients. The diathesis-stress model suggests genes create a predisposition, but environmental stress is needed to trigger OCD. Candidate genes (like 5HT1-D beta affecting serotonin transport) and the polygenic nature (multiple genes, potentially up to 230) are involved.
Lewis (1936) found that 37% of his OCD patients had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with it.
Lewis (1936) found that 37% of his OCD patients had parents with OCD and 21% had siblings with it.
True (A)
According to the diathesis-stress model, certain genes make people more likely to develop OCD, but _____ stress is required to trigger the condition.
According to the diathesis-stress model, certain genes make people more likely to develop OCD, but _____ stress is required to trigger the condition.
environmental
What does it mean for OCD to be polygenic?
What does it mean for OCD to be polygenic?
Nestadt et al. (2010) reviewed twin studies on OCD. What percentage of monozygotic (MZ) twins shared OCD compared to dizygotic (DZ) twins?
Nestadt et al. (2010) reviewed twin studies on OCD. What percentage of monozygotic (MZ) twins shared OCD compared to dizygotic (DZ) twins?
What is a limitation of the purely genetic explanation for OCD, as highlighted by Cromer et al. (2007)?
What is a limitation of the purely genetic explanation for OCD, as highlighted by Cromer et al. (2007)?
In the neural explanation of OCD, what role does serotonin play?
In the neural explanation of OCD, what role does serotonin play?
Abnormal functioning in the lateral frontal lobes, responsible for logic and decision-making, is associated with impaired decision-making sometimes seen in OCD.
Abnormal functioning in the lateral frontal lobes, responsible for logic and decision-making, is associated with impaired decision-making sometimes seen in OCD.
Abnormal functioning in the left _____ _____ gyrus, associated with processing unpleasant emotion, has been linked to OCD.
Abnormal functioning in the left _____ _____ gyrus, associated with processing unpleasant emotion, has been linked to OCD.
What evidence supports the neural explanation of OCD?
What evidence supports the neural explanation of OCD?
What is a potential limitation regarding the link between serotonin and OCD?
What is a potential limitation regarding the link between serotonin and OCD?
What is the main goal of drug therapies, like SSRIs, used in the biological approach to treating OCD?
What is the main goal of drug therapies, like SSRIs, used in the biological approach to treating OCD?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels in the synapse by preventing its _____ and breakdown by the _____ neuron.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels in the synapse by preventing its _____ and breakdown by the _____ neuron.
Drugs like SSRIs are sometimes used alongside CBT to help patients engage more effectively by reducing emotional symptoms.
Drugs like SSRIs are sometimes used alongside CBT to help patients engage more effectively by reducing emotional symptoms.
Besides SSRIs, name two alternative types of medication used for OCD when SSRIs are ineffective.
Besides SSRIs, name two alternative types of medication used for OCD when SSRIs are ineffective.
According to Soomro et al. (2009)'s review, how effective are SSRIs compared to placebos for OCD?
According to Soomro et al. (2009)'s review, how effective are SSRIs compared to placebos for OCD?
A review by Skapinakis et al. (2016) concluded that SSRIs were generally more effective than cognitive and behavioural therapies for treating OCD.
A review by Skapinakis et al. (2016) concluded that SSRIs were generally more effective than cognitive and behavioural therapies for treating OCD.
List some potential side effects associated with SSRIs.
List some potential side effects associated with SSRIs.
What are some potential side effects associated with the tricyclic antidepressant Clomipramine?
What are some potential side effects associated with the tricyclic antidepressant Clomipramine?
What does the genetic explanation of OCD propose about the role of genes?
What does the genetic explanation of OCD propose about the role of genes?
According to the diathesis-stress model, how does OCD develop?
According to the diathesis-stress model, how does OCD develop?
What did Taylor (2013) find regarding the number of genes potentially involved in OCD?
What did Taylor (2013) find regarding the number of genes potentially involved in OCD?
Environmental factors play no role in the development of OCD according to research.
Environmental factors play no role in the development of OCD according to research.
What is the role of serotonin in the neural Pexplanation Pof OCD?
What is the role of serotonin in the neural Pexplanation Pof OCD?
Which brain areas are associated with impaired decision-making in some OCD cases?
Which brain areas are associated with impaired decision-making in some OCD cases?
What is co-morbidity, and how does it present a challenge to the serotonin explanation for OCD?
What is co-morbidity, and how does it present a challenge to the serotonin explanation for OCD?
What is the main goal of drug therapies used to treat OCD?
What is the main goal of drug therapies used to treat OCD?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) act on the serotonin system by preventing the _____ and _____ of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) act on the serotonin system by preventing the _____ and _____ of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
How are drug therapies often combined with other treatments for OCD?
How are drug therapies often combined with other treatments for OCD?
Name two alternative drug types used when SSRIs are not effective for OCD.
Name two alternative drug types used when SSRIs are not effective for OCD.
According to Soomro et al (2009), how effective are SSRIs for treating OCD compared to placebos?
According to Soomro et al (2009), how effective are SSRIs for treating OCD compared to placebos?
Drug therapies like SSRIs are considered the most effective treatment available for OCD.
Drug therapies like SSRIs are considered the most effective treatment available for OCD.
What are some potential side effects associated with SSRIs?
What are some potential side effects associated with SSRIs?
Are the side effects of clomipramine typically more or less severe than those of SSRIs?
Are the side effects of clomipramine typically more or less severe than those of SSRIs?
According to Lewis (1936), what percentage of his OCD patients had parents with OCD?
According to Lewis (1936), what percentage of his OCD patients had parents with OCD?
According to the _____ _____ model, certain genes make individuals more likely to develop OCD, but environmental stress is needed to trigger the condition.
According to the _____ _____ model, certain genes make individuals more likely to develop OCD, but environmental stress is needed to trigger the condition.
What role does the candidate gene 5HT1-D beta play in OCD vulnerability?
What role does the candidate gene 5HT1-D beta play in OCD vulnerability?
OCD is considered _____, meaning it is likely caused by the combined effects of many genes rather than just one.
OCD is considered _____, meaning it is likely caused by the combined effects of many genes rather than just one.
Nestadt et al (2010) found what percentage of monozygotic (identical) twins shared OCD?
Nestadt et al (2010) found what percentage of monozygotic (identical) twins shared OCD?
Genetic vulnerability is considered a complete explanation for OCD.
Genetic vulnerability is considered a complete explanation for OCD.
Which neurotransmitter, involved in mood regulation, is thought to have reduced functioning in some cases of OCD?
Which neurotransmitter, involved in mood regulation, is thought to have reduced functioning in some cases of OCD?
Abnormal functioning in which part of the brain is associated with impaired decision-making sometimes seen in OCD?
Abnormal functioning in which part of the brain is associated with impaired decision-making sometimes seen in OCD?
Abnormal functioning of the left parahippocampal gyrus in OCD is associated with what process?
Abnormal functioning of the left parahippocampal gyrus in OCD is associated with what process?
The effectiveness of antidepressants that target serotonin provides supporting evidence for the neural explanation of OCD.
The effectiveness of antidepressants that target serotonin provides supporting evidence for the neural explanation of OCD.
The presence of two disorders, like OCD and depression, occurring together is known as _____.
The presence of two disorders, like OCD and depression, occurring together is known as _____.
What is the primary goal of drug therapies, such as SSRIs, used to treat OCD?
What is the primary goal of drug therapies, such as SSRIs, used to treat OCD?
SSRIs work by preventing the _____ and breakdown of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
SSRIs work by preventing the _____ and breakdown of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron.
Why are drugs sometimes used alongside Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for OCD?
Why are drugs sometimes used alongside Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for OCD?
Which type of drug is sometimes used as an alternative to SSRIs for OCD, acting on various serotonin systems but having potentially more severe side effects?
Which type of drug is sometimes used as an alternative to SSRIs for OCD, acting on various serotonin systems but having potentially more severe side effects?
What neurotransmitter do SNRIs increase in addition to serotonin?
What neurotransmitter do SNRIs increase in addition to serotonin?
Research evidence, such as the review by Soomro et al (2009), suggests that SSRIs are generally ineffective compared to placebos for treating OCD.
Research evidence, such as the review by Soomro et al (2009), suggests that SSRIs are generally ineffective compared to placebos for treating OCD.
According to a review by Skapinakis et al (2016), how do cognitive and behavioural therapies compare to SSRIs in effectiveness for OCD treatment?
According to a review by Skapinakis et al (2016), how do cognitive and behavioural therapies compare to SSRIs in effectiveness for OCD treatment?
List two potential side effects associated with SSRIs.
List two potential side effects associated with SSRIs.
What are two potential serious side effects associated with the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine?
What are two potential serious side effects associated with the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine?
Flashcards
Genetic explanation of OCD
Genetic explanation of OCD
Genes can make individuals more vulnerable to OCD. Studies show a higher incidence of OCD in relatives. Candidate genes like 5HT1-D beta affect serotonin transport. OCD is polygenic, with up to 230 genes involved, affecting dopamine and serotonin. Twin studies show higher OCD rates in MZ twins. However, environmental factors like trauma also play a role.
Neural explanation of OCD
Neural explanation of OCD
Low serotonin levels disrupt mood regulation, potentially causing OCD. Impaired decision-making in OCD is linked to abnormal frontal lobe function. The left parahippocampal gyrus, processing unpleasant emotions, also functions abnormally. Supporting evidence: antidepressants boosting serotonin reduce OCD symptoms. But, serotonin's role may be linked to comorbid depression, not OCD itself.
Drug therapies for OCD
Drug therapies for OCD
Drug therapies aim to increase serotonin levels in the brain. SSRIs prevent serotonin reuptake, increasing its concentration in synapses. Often used with CBT to manage emotional symptoms. Alternatives: Tricyclics like clomipramine affect various serotonin systems. SNRI's increase noradrenaline and serotonin.
Evaluation of drug treatments for OCD
Evaluation of drug treatments for OCD
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Study Notes
Genetic Explanation of OCD
- Genes create individual vulnerability to OCD.
- Lewis (1936) found that 37% of OCD patients had parents with OCD, and 21% had siblings with it.
- The diathesis-stress model suggests that certain genes make people more likely to develop OCD, but environmental stress is needed to trigger the condition.
- Candidate genes, such as 5HT1-D beta, impact serotonin transport efficiency across synapses, creating OCD vulnerability.
- OCD is polygenic, caused by a combination of genetic variations, not a single gene.
- Taylor (2013) found that up to 230 genes may be involved in OCD, associated with dopamine and serotonin action, both mood-regulating neurotransmitters.
Evaluation of Genetic Explanation
- Nestadt et al (2010) reviewed twin studies and found that 68% of MZ twins shared OCD, compared to 31% of DZ twins.
- People with a family member with OCD are four times more likely to develop it, indicating a genetic influence.
- Environmental risk factors exist, and OCD is not entirely genetic in origin.
- Cromer et al (2007) found that over half of OCD clients experienced a traumatic event in the past.
- OCD was more severe for those with one or more traumas.
- Genetic vulnerability is only a partial explanation.
Neural Explanation of OCD
- Genes associated with OCD likely affect neurotransmitter levels and brain structures.
- Low serotonin levels, which regulate mood, can disrupt mood-relevant information transmission, causing low mood.
- Dysfunction in the lateral frontal lobes (responsible for logic and decision making) impairs decision-making.
- Abnormal function in the left parahippocampal gyrus, which processes unpleasant emotions, is also associated with OCD.
Evaluation of Neural Explanation
- Antidepressants that work on serotonin effectively reduce OCD symptoms, suggesting a link between serotonin and OCD.
- OCD symptoms are part of conditions known to be biological in origin, such as Parkinson's, suggesting biological processes underlie OCD.
- The serotonin-OCD link may not be unique to OCD, as many people with OCD also experience depression, which involves serotonin disruption.
- Serotonin activity may be disrupted in people with OCD due to co-morbid depression, rather than causing OCD.
Biological Approach to Treating OCD - Drug Therapies
- Drug therapies aim to increase or decrease neurotransmitter levels in the brain, usually to increase serotonin.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) prevent the reuptake and breakdown of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron, increasing serotonin concentration within the synapses.
- Drugs are often used alongside CBT to reduce emotional symptoms like depression or anxiety, so people can engage more effectively in CBT.
- Tricyclics, like clomipramine, are used when SSRIs are ineffective but have more severe side effects.
- Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) increase noradrenaline and serotonin levels in the brain.
Evaluation of Biological Approach to Treating OCD
- SSRIs reduce symptom severity and improve the quality of life for people with OCD.
- Soomro et al (2009) reviewed 17 studies and found SSRIs had significantly better outcomes than placebos.
- Symptoms are reduced for 70% of people, and the remaining 30% can be helped by alternative drugs or psychological therapies.
- Cognitive and behavioral therapies were more effective than SSRIs in treating OCD (Skapinakis et al, 2016).
- Some people may get no benefit from SSRIs and experience side effects like indigestion, blurred vision, and loss of sex drive.
- Clomipramine has more common and serious side effects, such as weight gain problems (more than 1 in 10) and aggression and heart-related problems (1 in 100).
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