Genetic Engineering Processes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of antibodies in the body?

To transport oxygen in the bloodstream

To produce hormones that regulate metabolism

To aid in the digestion of food

To detect harmful substances known as antigens (correct)

How do transgenic animals benefit agricultural practices?

They are ineffective against diseases and pests.

They have a reduced growth rate compared to non-modified animals.

They require more resources to raise.

They are engineered to carry genes from other organisms for improved traits. (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic of genetically modified salmon?

They grow larger due to a gene for faster growth. (correct)

They have longer life spans than regular salmon.

They have lower resistance to diseases compared to non-modified salmon.

They mature in 3 years.

What was the first genetically modified crop legalized in the country?

Bt corn Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do transgenic pigs have over traditional breeds?

They have a higher feed conversion efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an organism that can be described or measured?

Trait Signup and view all the answers

What describes an organism with two different alleles for a specific trait?

Heterozygous Signup and view all the answers

In a genetic cross between two heterozygous guinea pigs (BbRr × BbRr), which phenotypic traits would most likely be expressed?

Black fur and rough fur or white fur and smooth fur Signup and view all the answers

What results when a recessive trait is expressed in offspring?

At least one parent carried the recessive allele Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for synthesizing new copies of DNA?

DNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

What process involves using molecular techniques to modify an organism's traits?

Genetic modification Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ethical concern regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

Their safety and ethical acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of heat shock in plasmid transformation?

To increase the membrane pore size for plasmid uptake Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is commonly included in plasmids for the selection of transformed cells?

Antibiotic resistance gene Signup and view all the answers

What color do cells transformed with empty plasmids turn when exposed to IPTG?

Blue Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of electroporation differ from heat shock treatment?

It applies electric shock rather than temperature change Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the cloning site within a plasmid?

It is the insertion point for the gene of interest Signup and view all the answers

What does the blue-white screening method help identify?

Cells with disrupted β-galactosidase genes Signup and view all the answers

Recombination in genetic engineering refers to which of the following processes?

Generating a new combination of genes through rearrangement Signup and view all the answers

What is a key result of cells undergoing transformation?

Acquisition of new traits Signup and view all the answers

In the presence of IPTG, what indicates successful insertion of a gene within the cloning site of a plasmid?

Cells turning white Signup and view all the answers

What temperature is used during the heat shock process for plasmid uptake?

42°C Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA polymerase in the context of DNA?

Responsible for the replication of DNA molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically found in a vector used for recombinant DNA technology?

Restriction enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Which method is employed to enhance the competency of bacterial cells for plasmid DNA uptake?

Heat shock treatment Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond does DNA ligase facilitate the formation of?

Phosphodiester bond Signup and view all the answers

In recombinant DNA technology, plasmids are often used as vectors due to their:

High copy number Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a selectable marker in a vector?

To indicate successful transformation of host cells Signup and view all the answers

What method involves directly shooting DNA into plant cells?

Biolistics Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium ions in the heat shock treatment method?

To make cells competent for DNA uptake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe a feature of vectors used in recombinant DNA technology?

They carry only a single gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a donor organism in Recombinant DNA Technology?

It provides the desired DNA section for alteration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes recombinant DNA (rDNA)?

It is formed by combining DNA fragments from different genetic sources. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetic engineering, what does the term 'vector' refer to?

The organism whose DNA is modified to insert the new gene. Signup and view all the answers

How is synthetic insulin produced using recombinant DNA technology?

By using bacteria as vectors to produce the protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a transgenic organism?

It carries one or more genes from another organism. Signup and view all the answers

Which application of recombinant DNA technology involves the use of weakened pathogens?

Vaccine production. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture?

It allows for the introduction of traits from various species. Signup and view all the answers

Which process can occur naturally, contributing to genetic diversity?

Crossing over during meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about recombinant DNA technology?

It is a completely synthetic process with no natural counterparts. Signup and view all the answers

How does recombinant DNA technology contribute to medicine?

It offers synthetic alternatives for hormones and vaccines. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Competency

Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering (STEM_BI011/12-Illa-b-6).

Specific Objectives

Describe the processes of genetic engineering
Identify the methods used for inserting plasmids into host cells

What is Genetic Engineering?

A process where a gene's modification and transfer occurs from one organism to another using DNA.

Genetic Engineering as Recombinant DNA Technology

A group of techniques to cut and join together genetic material, particularly DNA from diverse biological species.
Includes introducing the resulting hybrid DNA into an organism to produce new combinations of heritable genetic material.

Gene

A segment of DNA that encodes a protein and is the basic unit of heredity.
Genes are the building blocks of the body.
Genes provide instructions to create proteins.
Proteins determine physical characteristics like hair and eye color.

Chromosomes

Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus.
Contain DNA and protein (histones).
Different sizes, allowing them to fit within the nucleus.
Carry the organism's genetic instructions.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The genetic code in every cell.
Holds the body's instruction manual.
DNA is made up of four chemical bases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Guanine (G).
DNA forms the language used by organisms to construct instructions.

Allele

Different forms of a gene for a specific trait.
Occupy the same location on a chromosome.
Examples include brown eyes or black eyes.

Homozygous

Inheriting the same versions (alleles) of a gene from both parents.
Example: A plant with two copies of an allele for yellow flowers.

Heterozygous

Inheriting different versions of a gene from each parent.
Example: A person with one allele for brown hair and one allele for red hair.

Trait

A characteristic of an organism that can be described or measured.
Traits can be physical or behavioral.
Examples include eye color, hair color, and hairline shape.

Multiple Alleles

Occurs when there are more than two versions of a gene for a trait in a population.
This leads to phenotypic traits like blood type, eye color, and hair color.

Genotype

The combination of alleles an organism has.
Homozygous if the paired alleles are the same, heterozygous if the paired alleles are different.

Phenotype

The physical or chemical expression of an organism's genes.

Dominant Allele

Shows its specific trait even if only one parent passes the gene to the child.
Example: When a child inherits a brown hair allele from one parent.

Recessive Allele

Shows its specific trait only when both parents pass the gene to the child.
Example: When a child inherits a blue eye allele from both parents.

Classical Breeding

Focuses on mating organisms with desirable traits.

Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

Enzymes: Restriction enzymes (cut DNA), polymerases (synthesize new DNA), ligases (bind DNA pieces)
Vectors: Plasmids and bacteriophages. They carry the desired gene to the desired host organism.
Host organism: Organism that receives and expresses the genetic material.

Methods of Introducing Plasmids into Host Organisms

Biolistics (gene gun): Shooting DNA fragments into cells.
Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock: Increasing the pore size of cell membranes to allow the plasmids to enter the cells.
Electroporation: Using electric shock to expand pores in the membrane enabling plasmid entry.

Methods to Screen Recombinant Cells

Selection of plasmid DNA containing cells: A selection marker within the inserted plasmid DNA identifies cells which have been successfully transformed
Selection of transformed cells with the desired genes: Includes antibiotic resistance or colored product generation methods.

Recombination

The process of forming a new combination of genes by rearranging genetic material.
Occurs naturally through crossing over during meiosis or genetic exchange in prokaryotes.
Can be artificially carried out by joining segments of DNA from different organisms (genetic engineering).

Recombinant DNA

A molecule of DNA that has been altered, either naturally or through laboratory techniques.
Formed by combining DNA fragments from different sources.
Donor organism provides the desired DNA segment.
Vector organism receives the desired DNA segment.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms whose genetic material has been altered.
Transgenic organisms are a type of GMO.

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology

Medicine(Insulin, Vaccines, Antibiotics)
Agriculture (Transgenic Animals, Transgenic Plants)
Industry (Important Chemical Compounds, Improved Fermentation Process,Protein Production from Wastes)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the processes involved in genetic engineering. This quiz covers the methods used for inserting plasmids into host cells and explains the significance of recombinant DNA technology. Perfect for students in STEM-related fields.