Genetic Engineering Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of antibodies in the body?

  • To transport oxygen in the bloodstream
  • To produce hormones that regulate metabolism
  • To aid in the digestion of food
  • To detect harmful substances known as antigens (correct)

How do transgenic animals benefit agricultural practices?

  • They are ineffective against diseases and pests.
  • They have a reduced growth rate compared to non-modified animals.
  • They require more resources to raise.
  • They are engineered to carry genes from other organisms for improved traits. (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic of genetically modified salmon?

  • They grow larger due to a gene for faster growth. (correct)
  • They have longer life spans than regular salmon.
  • They have lower resistance to diseases compared to non-modified salmon.
  • They mature in 3 years.

What was the first genetically modified crop legalized in the country?

<p>Bt corn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage do transgenic pigs have over traditional breeds?

<p>They have a higher feed conversion efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an organism that can be described or measured?

<p>Trait (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes an organism with two different alleles for a specific trait?

<p>Heterozygous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a genetic cross between two heterozygous guinea pigs (BbRr × BbRr), which phenotypic traits would most likely be expressed?

<p>Black fur and rough fur or white fur and smooth fur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results when a recessive trait is expressed in offspring?

<p>At least one parent carried the recessive allele (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for synthesizing new copies of DNA?

<p>DNA polymerase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves using molecular techniques to modify an organism's traits?

<p>Genetic modification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ethical concern regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

<p>Their safety and ethical acceptance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of heat shock in plasmid transformation?

<p>To increase the membrane pore size for plasmid uptake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is commonly included in plasmids for the selection of transformed cells?

<p>Antibiotic resistance gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color do cells transformed with empty plasmids turn when exposed to IPTG?

<p>Blue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of electroporation differ from heat shock treatment?

<p>It applies electric shock rather than temperature change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the cloning site within a plasmid?

<p>It is the insertion point for the gene of interest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the blue-white screening method help identify?

<p>Cells with disrupted β-galactosidase genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recombination in genetic engineering refers to which of the following processes?

<p>Generating a new combination of genes through rearrangement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key result of cells undergoing transformation?

<p>Acquisition of new traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the presence of IPTG, what indicates successful insertion of a gene within the cloning site of a plasmid?

<p>Cells turning white (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What temperature is used during the heat shock process for plasmid uptake?

<p>42°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA polymerase in the context of DNA?

<p>Responsible for the replication of DNA molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically found in a vector used for recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Restriction enzyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is employed to enhance the competency of bacterial cells for plasmid DNA uptake?

<p>Heat shock treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond does DNA ligase facilitate the formation of?

<p>Phosphodiester bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In recombinant DNA technology, plasmids are often used as vectors due to their:

<p>High copy number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a selectable marker in a vector?

<p>To indicate successful transformation of host cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method involves directly shooting DNA into plant cells?

<p>Biolistics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium ions in the heat shock treatment method?

<p>To make cells competent for DNA uptake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe a feature of vectors used in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>They carry only a single gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a donor organism in Recombinant DNA Technology?

<p>It provides the desired DNA section for alteration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes recombinant DNA (rDNA)?

<p>It is formed by combining DNA fragments from different genetic sources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of genetic engineering, what does the term 'vector' refer to?

<p>The organism whose DNA is modified to insert the new gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is synthetic insulin produced using recombinant DNA technology?

<p>By using bacteria as vectors to produce the protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a transgenic organism?

<p>It carries one or more genes from another organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application of recombinant DNA technology involves the use of weakened pathogens?

<p>Vaccine production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture?

<p>It allows for the introduction of traits from various species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process can occur naturally, contributing to genetic diversity?

<p>Crossing over during meiosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about recombinant DNA technology?

<p>It is a completely synthetic process with no natural counterparts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does recombinant DNA technology contribute to medicine?

<p>It offers synthetic alternatives for hormones and vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Trait

A characteristic of an organism that can be described or measured. It can be physical or behavioral.

Genotype

The combination of alleles that an organism carries. It can be homozygous if the paired alleles are the same, or heterozygous if they are different.

Phenotype

The physical or chemical expression of an organism's genes. It's what we actually see or measure in the organism.

Multiple alleles

When a gene has more than two different versions in a population. This leads to a wide variety of traits, like blood type or eye color.

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Dominant allele

A version of a gene that shows its specific trait even if only one parent passed the gene to the child. For example: if a child inherits the dominant brown-hair gene, they will have brown hair.

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Recessive allele

A version of a gene that shows its specific trait only when both parents pass the gene to the child. For example: A child will inherit blue eyes if both parents give the recessive blue-eye gene.

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DNA polymerase

A type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA in the form of nucleic acid molecules. This is essential for cell division.

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What are nucleic acids?

Large molecules made up of smaller, repeating units called nucleotides, which are chemically linked together. DNA holds genetic information and is responsible for heredity.

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What is DNA replication?

The process of copying DNA into two identical molecules. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that carries out this process.

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What does DNA ligase do?

An enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond, essentially gluing DNA fragments together.

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What is a vector in biotechnology?

A carrier molecule used in genetic engineering to transfer genetic material into a host organism. Examples include plasmids and bacteriophages.

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What is the origin of replication?

A DNA sequence within a vector that acts as a starting point for DNA replication, allowing the vector to replicate its own DNA along with the inserted gene.

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What are selectable markers?

Genes within a vector that provide resistance to specific antibiotics, used to identify cells that have successfully taken up the vector.

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What are cloning sites?

Specific DNA sequences within a vector recognized by restriction enzymes, where desired genes can be inserted.

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What is a host organism in biotechnology?

The living organism that receives the recombinant DNA, often bacteria. The host provides the environment for the vector to replicate and express the inserted gene.

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What is biolistics?

A technique for inserting DNA fragments directly into cells using a device called a gene gun, which fires DNA-coated pellets.

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Transformation

A process where cells take up foreign DNA, often plasmids, from their surroundings.

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Heat Shock Treatment

Process of increasing the permeability of cell membranes, often by using heat or electric pulses.

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Electroporation

A method used to increase cell membrane permeability by applying a brief electrical shock.

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Selection Marker

A distinctive genetic marker within a plasmid that allows for the identification of cells containing the plasmid.

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Antibiotic Resistance Gene

A gene that confers resistance to a specific antibiotic, often used as a selection marker in plasmids.

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Transformed Bacterium

Cells that have successfully taken up the plasmid and acquired new traits.

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Screening Recombinant Cells

A technique used to identify cells containing a specific gene of interest by visual observation.

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Reporter Gene

A gene within a plasmid that produces a visible product, usually a colored or fluorescent protein.

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β-galactosidase Gene

A bacterial gene that produces a blue-colored product in the presence of a substrate (IPTG).

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Recombination

A process involving the rearrangement of genetic material to create new combinations of genes.

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What is Recombinant DNA?

A DNA molecule that has been modified through either natural processes or laboratory techniques.

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What is Recombinant DNA Technology?

It is a technology that allows researchers to modify DNA molecules by combining genetic material from different sources.

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What is a donor organism?

The organism from which a specific DNA segment is taken for the purpose of modification.

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What is a vector organism?

The organism that receives and incorporates the modified DNA.

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What is a transgenic organism?

An organism that has been genetically modified by introducing foreign DNA into its genome.

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What is insulin?

The protein hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the blood.

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What is a vaccine?

A biological preparation that helps stimulate the immune system against diseases.

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How can Recombinant DNA occur naturally?

It is a natural process that involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms.

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How can Recombinant DNA be done artificially?

It involves the deliberate manipulation of DNA molecules to achieve a specific outcome.

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What are the applications of Recombinant DNA Technology?

It has applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry, allowing scientists to produce new products, treatments, and solutions.

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Antibiotics

Substances that are used to fight bacterial infections. They are produced naturally by fungi.

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Transgenic animals

Animals that have been genetically modified to carry genes from other organisms. This can include genes for faster growth, disease resistance, or the production of specific proteins in their milk.

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Transgenic plants

Plants that have been genetically modified to be resistant to diseases, pests, herbicides, or droughts. They often contain genes from other organisms that give them these added benefits.

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Antibodies

A protein that is produced by the body to fight off harmful substances, like viruses, bacteria, or toxins. They can be made naturally or through vaccination, and help the body recognize and eliminate threats.

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Antigens

A substance that can trigger an immune response in the body. The body recognizes it as a foreign agent and produces antibodies to fight it off. Examples include viruses, bacteria, and toxins.

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Study Notes

Learning Competency

  • Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering (STEM_BI011/12-Illa-b-6).

Specific Objectives

  • Describe the processes of genetic engineering
  • Identify the methods used for inserting plasmids into host cells

What is Genetic Engineering?

  • A process where a gene's modification and transfer occurs from one organism to another using DNA.

Genetic Engineering as Recombinant DNA Technology

  • A group of techniques to cut and join together genetic material, particularly DNA from diverse biological species.
  • Includes introducing the resulting hybrid DNA into an organism to produce new combinations of heritable genetic material.

Gene

  • A segment of DNA that encodes a protein and is the basic unit of heredity.
  • Genes are the building blocks of the body.
  • Genes provide instructions to create proteins.
  • Proteins determine physical characteristics like hair and eye color.

Chromosomes

  • Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus.
  • Contain DNA and protein (histones).
  • Different sizes, allowing them to fit within the nucleus.
  • Carry the organism's genetic instructions.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

  • The genetic code in every cell.
  • Holds the body's instruction manual.
  • DNA is made up of four chemical bases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Guanine (G).
  • DNA forms the language used by organisms to construct instructions.

Allele

  • Different forms of a gene for a specific trait.
  • Occupy the same location on a chromosome.
  • Examples include brown eyes or black eyes.

Homozygous

  • Inheriting the same versions (alleles) of a gene from both parents.
  • Example: A plant with two copies of an allele for yellow flowers.

Heterozygous

  • Inheriting different versions of a gene from each parent.
  • Example: A person with one allele for brown hair and one allele for red hair.

Trait

  • A characteristic of an organism that can be described or measured.
  • Traits can be physical or behavioral.
  • Examples include eye color, hair color, and hairline shape.

Multiple Alleles

  • Occurs when there are more than two versions of a gene for a trait in a population.
  • This leads to phenotypic traits like blood type, eye color, and hair color.

Genotype

  • The combination of alleles an organism has.
  • Homozygous if the paired alleles are the same, heterozygous if the paired alleles are different.

Phenotype

  • The physical or chemical expression of an organism's genes.

Dominant Allele

  • Shows its specific trait even if only one parent passes the gene to the child.
  • Example: When a child inherits a brown hair allele from one parent.

Recessive Allele

  • Shows its specific trait only when both parents pass the gene to the child.
  • Example: When a child inherits a blue eye allele from both parents.

Classical Breeding

  • Focuses on mating organisms with desirable traits.

Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

  • Enzymes: Restriction enzymes (cut DNA), polymerases (synthesize new DNA), ligases (bind DNA pieces)
  • Vectors: Plasmids and bacteriophages. They carry the desired gene to the desired host organism.
  • Host organism: Organism that receives and expresses the genetic material.

Methods of Introducing Plasmids into Host Organisms

  • Biolistics (gene gun): Shooting DNA fragments into cells.

  • Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock: Increasing the pore size of cell membranes to allow the plasmids to enter the cells.

  • Electroporation: Using electric shock to expand pores in the membrane enabling plasmid entry.

Methods to Screen Recombinant Cells

  • Selection of plasmid DNA containing cells: A selection marker within the inserted plasmid DNA identifies cells which have been successfully transformed
  • Selection of transformed cells with the desired genes: Includes antibiotic resistance or colored product generation methods.

Recombination

  • The process of forming a new combination of genes by rearranging genetic material.
  • Occurs naturally through crossing over during meiosis or genetic exchange in prokaryotes.
  • Can be artificially carried out by joining segments of DNA from different organisms (genetic engineering).

Recombinant DNA

  • A molecule of DNA that has been altered, either naturally or through laboratory techniques.
  • Formed by combining DNA fragments from different sources.
  • Donor organism provides the desired DNA segment.
  • Vector organism receives the desired DNA segment.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

  • Organisms whose genetic material has been altered.
  • Transgenic organisms are a type of GMO.

Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology

  • Medicine(Insulin, Vaccines, Antibiotics)
  • Agriculture (Transgenic Animals, Transgenic Plants)
  • Industry (Important Chemical Compounds, Improved Fermentation Process,Protein Production from Wastes)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the processes involved in genetic engineering. This quiz covers the methods used for inserting plasmids into host cells and explains the significance of recombinant DNA technology. Perfect for students in STEM-related fields.

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