Genetic Engineering Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of introducing antibodies into the body?

  • To regulate body temperature
  • To detect harmful substances (correct)
  • To enhance nutrition absorption
  • To improve physical strength

    • Which of the following best describes transgenic animals?

  • Animals engineered to have genes from other organisms (correct)
  • Animals that can breed with multiple species
  • Animals that have undergone natural selection
  • Animals that can survive in extreme conditions

    • What characteristic of genetically modified salmon distinguishes them from regular salmon?

  • Improved taste and texture
  • Higher fat content
  • Smaller size at maturity
  • Faster growth due to gene modification (correct)

    • Why are transgenic pigs preferred by breeders?

    <p>They grow faster and are low in fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetically modified crop was the first to be legalized in the country mentioned?

    <p>Bt corn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering?

    <p>To transfer DNA from one organism to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the structure of chromosomes?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a heterozygous organism?

    <p>Inheriting different alleles from each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about DNA is true?

    <p>DNA serves as the genetic material in nearly all living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alleles in genetics?

    <p>To provide variations of a gene at a specific location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the combination of genetic material from different biological species?

    <p>Recombinant DNA technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do histones contribute to the structure of chromosomes?

    <p>By aiding in the packaging of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an organism that can be described or measured?

    <p>Trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the combination of alleles that an organism carries?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of allele leads to the expression of a trait if inherited from just one parent?

    <p>Dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the genetic makeup of guinea pigs, what is the dominant allele for fur color?

    <p>B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of breeding focuses on mating organisms with desirable traits?

    <p>Classical breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do genetically modified organisms (GMOs) face in terms of public perception?

    <p>They have faced scrutiny regarding safety and ethics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do restriction enzymes play in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Cut DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the physical expression of an organism's genetic information?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a homozygous genotype imply about the alleles present?

    <p>Both alleles are the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the donor play in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>It is the source of the desired DNA section.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To manipulate genetic materials for various applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can synthetic insulin be produced according to the content?

    <p>By using bacteria as vectors and host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a transgenic organism?

    <p>An organism modified to include a gene from a different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture?

    <p>Enhanced growth rates and disease resistance in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary danger associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

    <p>Potential unintended effects on ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process can genetic exchange occur in prokaryotes?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of vectors in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Vectors facilitate the insertion of foreign DNA into a host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Biotechnology' encompass in the context of genetic manipulation?

    <p>Artificial and natural methods of manipulating genetic materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is primarily responsible for the production of insulin in humans?

    <p>Islet cells of the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

    <p>To catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical vector used in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Transcription factor binding site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process uses a gene gun to introduce DNA into cells?

    <p>Biolistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of DNA polymerase?

    <p>Responsible for DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is utilized to make bacterial cells competent for the uptake of plasmid DNA?

    <p>Heat shock treatment with Calcium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of plasmids makes them commonly used as vectors in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>They possess a high copy number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond does DNA ligase catalyze to join DNA strands?

    <p>Phosphodiester bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of selectable markers in vectors?

    <p>To allow the identification of successful transformants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the majority of plasmids and bacteriophages introduced into host organisms?

    <p>By various methods including microinjection and biolistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of bacteriophages that makes them suitable as vectors?

    <p>Their ability to replicate inside bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetic Engineering Overview

    • Genetic engineering is a process that modifies a gene in an organism's DNA
    • A gene's modification will introduce a protein resulting in a specific change to an organism
    • DNA from one organism is transferred to another

    Learning Competencies and Objectives

    • Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering
    • Describe the processes of genetic engineering
    • Identify methods used for inserting plasmids into host cells

    What is a Gene?

    • A segment of DNA that encodes a protein and is the fundamental unit of heredity
    • Genes give instructions for producing proteins
    • Specific proteins determine physical characteristics

    What are Chromosomes?

    • Thread-like structures found in the cell nucleus
    • Carry DNA and proteins (histones), which compact DNA for cell function
    • Organize genetic information enabling cell reproduction

    What is DNA?

    • Deoxyribonucleic acid is a hereditary molecule
    • Contains genetic code to form proteins
    • Composed of repeating nucleotide units (bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)

    What is an Allele?

    • A variant form of a gene that controls a trait
    • Different alleles occur at specific locations on chromosomes
    • Determine specific traits like eye color

    Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

    • Homozygous: inheriting identical alleles for a gene from both parents
    • Heterozygous: inheriting different alleles for a gene from both parents

    What is a Trait?

    • A characteristic of an organism that can be described or measured
    • Can be physical (eye color) or behavioral (example behavior)

    Multiple Alleles

    • More than two different variations of a gene exist in a population
    • These variations result in diverse phenotypes (e.g., blood type, eye color)

    Genotype vs. Phenotype

    • Genotype: The combination of alleles an organism possesses
    • Phenotype: The observable expression of an organism's traits

    Dominant vs. Recessive

    • Dominant allele expresses its trait even if only one parent passed it to the child
    • Recessive allele expresses its trait only when both parents pass it to the child

    Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

    • Enzymes: Restriction enzymes cut DNA, polymerases synthesize DNA, and ligases bind DNA
    • Vectors: Plasmids and bacteriophages carry the desired gene into the host
    • Host Organisms: The recipient into which the recombinant DNA is inserted

    Methods of Introducing Plasmids into the Host Organism

    • Biolistics: Shooting DNA fragments into host cells using a gene gun
    • Plasmid Insertion by Heat Shock: Increasing the pore size of host cell membranes using Calcium chloride to facilitate plasmid insertion
    • Electroporation: Using electric pulses to expand cell membrane pores and insert DNA

    Methods to Screen Recombinant Cells

    • Selection of Plasmid DNA Containing Cells: Selecting transformed cells using a selectable marker (e.g. antibiotic resistance gene)
    • Selection of Transformed Cells with Desired Gene: Utilizing color changes in response to substrates (e.g., blue-white screening) to select cells with the desired gene

    What is Recombination?

    • A process where genes combine or rearrange to form new gene combinations
    • Can occur naturally or artificially by genetic engineering

    What is Recombinant DNA?

    • DNA molecules formed from different species by laboratory techniques
    • The organism that serves as the gene source is called the donor, and the one modified the recipient

    Applications and Products of Recombinant DNA Technology

    • Medicine and Health: Production of insulin, vaccines, and antibiotics
    • Agriculture: Producing transgenic animals (enhanced growth, milk composition) and plants (pest & drought resistance).

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    Genetic Engineering Lecture PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of genetic engineering in this quiz. Learn about the processes that involve modifying genes, as well as the roles of DNA, genes, and chromosomes. Test your knowledge on the methods used for inserting plasmids into host cells.

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