Genetic Engineering Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is one major concern people have regarding GMOs?

  • They have no impact on health.
  • Hazards may be undetectable with current technology. (correct)
  • They can be detected easily.
  • They are always beneficial.

    • All GMOs are considered unsafe until proven otherwise.

    False

    What is urged for manufacturers regarding GMOs?

    To provide labels that notify consumers of GMO presence.

    Bt-Eggplant is an example of a genetically modified _____ developed in the Philippines.

    <p>crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of GMOs with their descriptions:

    <p>Safety Testing = Assessing potential health risks Labeling = Informing consumers about GMO presence Biosafety = Minimizing risks to health and environment Consumer Choice = Empowering consumers to make informed decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of sequencing a gene?

    <p>To find the primary structure of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electroporation is primarily used for inserting genes into bacterial cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CaCl2 in the heat shock treatment process?

    <p>To make the cells competent for accepting plasmid DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to confirm the presence of a desired gene in recombinant cells?

    <p>PCR amplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In heat shock treatment, plasmid DNA is taken into the cells after a rapid rise and drop in temperature to increase pore sizes in the _______.

    <p>membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Flavr-Savr Tomato was genetically modified to accelerate the ripening process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each method of plasmid introduction to its description:

    <p>Biolistics = Uses a gene gun to introduce DNA into plant tissues Heat Shock Treatment = Involves temperature changes to increase membrane permeability Electroporation = Utilizes electric shock to expand membrane pores Selection of plasmid DNA = Uses antibiotic resistance to identify transformed cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibiotic resistance genes in the selection of transformed cells?

    <p>They allow for the identification and selection of the cells that successfully incorporated the desired gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common feature is included in many plasmids to help identify transformed cells?

    <p>Ampicillin resistance gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bt-Corn incorporates the production of __________ to protect against pests.

    <p>Bt-endotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells that survive the bombardment using a gene gun are unable to express the designed protein.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>PCR = A technique to amplify specific DNA sequences Flavr-Savr Tomato = First GMO licensed for human consumption Antisense RNA = Inhibits gene expression Bt-endotoxin = Toxin produced by corn to deter pests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

    <p>Ability to produce toxins harmful to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of plating plasmid-cell solutions on antibiotic-containing media?

    <p>To select for transformed cells that carry the plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PCR can be used to confirm the type of plasmid utilized for transformation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic modification does Bt-Corn provide to corn plants?

    <p>It allows for the production of Bt-endotoxin, which kills specific pests like corn borer larvae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is genetic engineering primarily used for?

    <p>Modification of the DNA makeup of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Classical breeding focuses on molecular techniques to modify traits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method used in classical plant breeding.

    <p>Controlled pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first step in recombinant DNA technology involves cutting DNA using __________.

    <p>restriction enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the process of genetic modification with its description:

    <p>Cutting DNA = Using restriction enzymes Ligation = Joining DNA fragments together Transfer = Inserting recombinant DNA into a host cell Selection = Identifying cells with the gene of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of enhancing a present trait in genetic engineering?

    <p>To increase the expression of desired genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic engineering results in domesticated crops that are similar to their wild relatives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a desirable trait that may be sought in animals?

    <p>High milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetic Engineering Overview

    • Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, is a process utilizing lab techniques to alter an organism's DNA.
    • Humans have a long history of domesticating plants and animals, selecting for desirable traits (e.g., high fruit yield, high milk production).
    • Classical breeding methods, like controlled pollination and mating of animals, are part of this process. Modern science employs molecular biology techniques to insert and express proteins in organisms for varied purposes.

    Desirable Traits and Modification Techniques

    • Desirable traits, such as good fat distribution in Kobe/Wagyu beef, large-sized guava (Guapple), human insulin-producing bacteria, delayed-ripening tomatoes (Flavr-Savr), and the macapuno trait in coconuts, have been enhanced.
    • Classical breeding methods are used for some qualities. Recombinant DNA Technology enhances others.

    Domesticated Crops and Genetic Change

    • Domesticated crops differ significantly from their wild relatives (e.g., maize vs. teosinte).
    • This transformation is often dramatic, highlighting the impact of human selection on genetic makeup.

    Processes in Recombinant DNA Technology

    • The creation of recombinant DNA generally involves these stages:
      • Cutting DNA using restriction enzymes.
      • Selecting a vector (e.g., circular plasmid) to carry the recombinant DNA.
      • Joining (ligating) the gene of interest with the vector.
      • Transferring the recombinant plasmid into a host cell for replication.
      • Selecting cells containing the desired gene.
      • Sequencing the inserted gene to analyze the protein's structure.

    Methods for Introducing Plasmids

    • Biolitic: DNA-coated pellets are shot into plant tissues, allowing cells that survive to take up the plasmid and express new traits.
    • Heat Shock Treatment: Cells are pretreated (usually with CaCl2) to enlarge pores, enabling plasmid uptake followed by a heat shock to enhance entry. Subsequently, cells are maintained at 4°C for a time, and then exposed to a heat shock, for specific durations.
    • Electroporation: Electric pulses open pores, like heat shock, enabling plasmid entry. This method is frequently employed for mammalian cell insertion of genes.

    Screening Recombinant Cells

    • Recombinant DNA can be identified via specific markers.
      -Antibiotic resistance genes are often used to identify which cells have absorbed the new plasmid DNA.
      • Some inserted genes produce colored or fluorescent products to pinpoint transformed cells.
    • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can also be used to identify specific pieces of DNA present in cells.

    Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

    • GMOs offer the opportunity to introduce new beneficial traits into target organisms.
    • Common examples like the Flavr Savr tomato and Bt corn exemplify the practical use.

    Flavr Savr Tomato

    • The first genetically modified organism to be licensed for human consumption, delaying the softening of tomatoes during storage and transport. It utilized antisense RNA to prevent polygalacturonase expression.

    Bt-Corn

    • Incorporates a toxin (Bt-endotoxin) from Bacillus thuringiensis, eliminating pest infestation. This toxin is targeted at pest larvae, particularly Lepidoptera larvae.

    Concerns and Regulations

    • Some concerns remain about safety despite testing for GM products.
    • Labeling is suggested for consumer awareness and choice.

    Activity & Assignment

    • A poster-making activity is given to illustrate the stages of recombinant DNA.
    • An assignment requiring research into pros, cons, and biosafety issues surrounding genetic engineering is also provided.

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    Genetic Engineering PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamentals of genetic engineering, including its historical context and modern techniques. Delve into how desirable traits are enhanced in various organisms, from crops to livestock, through both classical and modern methods. Understand the implications and applications of these genetic modifications.

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