General Study Notes Quiz

Time acts as a variable that could influence results besides the manipulation.

Participant characteristics and experimenter effects, like bias, can affect results in this type of design.

Participant tendencies such as evaluation apprehension and demand characteristics can influence study results.

Participants' attempts to figure out the purpose of the study and change their behavior accordingly.

Publicly outlining the study's methods and hypotheses before data collection begins to reduce bias.

Participants choosing to be in a study influencing the group's characteristics.

Experimenter biases or expectations that influence results.

Institutional Review Board approval for ethical research protocols

Agreement given by participants after understanding the study's purpose and procedures.

Providing participants with information after a study is completed.

Participants from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic cultures.

Participants' worry about being judged when they are participating in a study.

A variable outside of the focused manipulation that affects the outcome.

The structure of a research study that determines how variables are manipulated and measured.

A method of data collection by watching participants.

Tools that indirectly assess internal states or traits.

The belief that we directly perceive the world as it truly is.

Interpretations of the world.

Different people may see the same thing in different ways.

Our interpretations can be influenced by personal factors.

Factors influencing our interpretations.

Personal perspectives or experiences affect our perception.

Desire or requirement that affects our interpretations.

Our impressions on others or situations.

Waiting for the experimenter to return, influencing participant's thoughts.

A significant difference in perception or response.

Assuming someone's behavior is due to internal characteristics, not external factors.

Motivation driven by enjoyment and interest in the task itself.

Motivation driven by external rewards or punishments.

Extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic motivation.

The way information is interpreted by the mind.

Relationship of cause and effect between events.

Events occurring close together in time.

The explanation of behavior or events.

Explaining someone's behavior based on their personal traits, beliefs, or motivations.

Explaining someone's behavior based on factors outside of their control, like the situation or environment.

Consider the situation and potential external influences before jumping to conclusions about someone's internal characteristics.

Surveillance, deadlines, and pressure from external rewards can diminish intrinsic motivation. People feel less interested in the activity because they perceive it as being controlled by external factors.

External rewards, such as praise or money, can be effective, but only in the short term. Over time, they become less effective as they fail to sustain intrinsic motivation.

Shame, guilt, and other negative external motivators can diminish motivation, even more than positive external motivators. They often trigger feelings of incompetence and fear, which can lead to a decrease in engagement.

The way someone perceives a reward can influence their motivation. If they perceive the reward as a manipulative tool or a sign of lack of trust, it can decrease motivation. Conversely, a reward perceived as a genuine gesture can increase motivation.

External motivators, such as rewards, pressure, or punishment, are less effective than intrinsic motivators such as interest, joy, and personal satisfaction. They often lead to short-term engagement and can even decrease intrinsic motivation long-term.

No, external factors can sometimes increase intrinsic motivation if done correctly. Giving appropriate praise, providing a sense of accomplishment, or challenging tasks can boost engagement and increase intrinsic motivation.

A state of mental discomfort caused by holding two conflicting beliefs or ideas.

The intensity of discomfort experienced due to conflicting beliefs.

The significance of the beliefs or values involved in the dissonance.

The tendency to rationalize or justify efforts that were costly or difficult.

A situation where someone is persuaded to behave in a way that contradicts their attitudes or beliefs.

A psychological theory suggesting that people strive to maintain consistency between their thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors.

The process of alleviating discomfort by changing beliefs, behaviors, or attitudes.

The elements influencing the intensity and likelihood of experiencing dissonance.

How cognitive dissonance influences choices and commitment.

The role of dissonance in social interactions and persuasion.