General Study Notes Quiz

A long molecule that contains the genetic code of an organism, shaped as a double helix.

Proteins are structures responsible for making things and carrying out functions within the body. Different proteins make up different people.

A specific band on a chromosome containing instructions or information for the cell.

The location of a gene on a chromosome.

Different forms of a gene, responsible for variations in traits.

A region on a chromosome that helps during cell division.

Two chromosomes, one from each parent, with the same length and gene sequence. They may carry different alleles, leading to variations in traits.

A complete set of chromosomes arranged in order of length, from longest to shortest. It helps identify chromosomal abnormalities.

The study of the early developmental stages of organisms.

Structures that are reduced versions of ancestral structures. They often lack function but are present due to evolutionary history.

Fossils that represent intermediate stages between ancestral and modern organisms, showing evolutionary transitions.

The geographical distribution of organisms, which can provide evidence of evolutionary relationships.

Structures in different species that have the same underlying bone structure but different functions.

A type of evidence for evolution based on the similarities in DNA sequences between organisms.

The idea that organisms evolve over time through a process of natural selection.

A type of bacteria that uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen.

A process unique to archaea that produces methane gas, a potent greenhouse gas, as a byproduct.

Bacteria that thrive in moderate temperatures, like the human body.

Archaea that thrive in extreme environments, like hot springs, acidic lakes, or salty environments.

A single-celled organism that reproduces by dividing into two identical daughter cells.

A technique used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure and how they react to stains.

The outermost layer of a prokaryotic cell that provides structural support and protection.

A small, circular piece of DNA found in prokaryotes, separate from the main chromosome.

Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their environment through their cell walls. They release digestive enzymes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, which are then absorbed through the cell wall.

Hyphae are thread-like filaments that make up the basic structure of fungi. They are long, branched structures that intertwine, forming a network.

Mycelium is a complex, net-like mass of branching hyphae. It forms the main body of a fungus and provides a large surface area for absorption of nutrients.

Fruiting bodies are the spore-producing reproductive structures in fungi. They are often the visible parts of a fungus, like mushrooms or toadstools.

Parasitic fungi obtain nutrients from living hosts, often harming them in the process. Examples include the fungi that cause athlete's foot or ringworm.

Predatory fungi have specialized structures, such as sticky traps or constricting rings, that can capture and digest small prey such as nematodes or amoebas.

Mutualistic fungi form beneficial partnerships with other organisms, such as plants or algae. They provide nutrients or support in exchange for something else, like sugars or shelter.

Saprobial fungi obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter, such as leaves, wood, or decaying animals. They play a crucial role in recycling nutrients in ecosystems.

The closure of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction, creating the 'lubb' sound.

The closure of the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation, creating the 'dubb' sound.

A procedure that uses X-rays to visualize blood vessels, often used to diagnose atherosclerosis.

A type of Angiography that specifically examines the heart's internal structures, often used to diagnose congenital heart defects.

A condition where the artery walls thicken, lose elasticity, and narrow, leading to increased blood pressure.

A cancer of the white blood cells, where an excessive number of immature leukocytes cannot effectively fight infection.

An inherited disorder that prevents blood clotting, leading to uncontrolled bleeding.

Defects in the heart present from birth, affecting the walls, valves, and structures of the heart's chambers and blood vessels.

A type of protist that resembles an amoeba, engulfing food particles and reproducing with spores.

A type of fungus-like protist that grows in water or damp places, feeding on decaying matter by releasing digestive enzymes.

Simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose, that serve as a primary energy source for cells.

Double sugars, formed when two monosaccharides combine, such as lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (malt sugar).

Complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of linked monosaccharides, providing long-term energy storage. Examples include starch (plant energy storage) and glycogen (animal energy storage).

A biological catalyst, typically a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. They help break down food molecules during hydrolysis.

Inorganic substances required for various body functions, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone formation. Examples include calcium, iron, and potassium.

Organic molecules, such as vitamins A, C, D, and K, that are crucial for regulating various biological processes, including growth, metabolism, and immune function. They are obtained from food.