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Questions and Answers
The bony labyrinth is located in the temporal bone and contains endolymph.
The bony labyrinth is located in the temporal bone and contains endolymph.
False
The cochlea consists of a bone canal that spirals 2½ turns around a central structure known as the modiolus.
The cochlea consists of a bone canal that spirals 2½ turns around a central structure known as the modiolus.
True
The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are the two subdivisions of the cochlear duct.
The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are the two subdivisions of the cochlear duct.
False
The vestibule of the inner ear communicates with the middle ear through the oval and round windows.
The vestibule of the inner ear communicates with the middle ear through the oval and round windows.
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The membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid that has high sodium and low potassium concentration.
The membranous labyrinth is filled with a fluid that has high sodium and low potassium concentration.
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The anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth.
The anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth.
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The helicotrema is the site where the scala vestibuli and scala media meet.
The helicotrema is the site where the scala vestibuli and scala media meet.
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The cristae and maculae are structures located within the membranous labyrinth.
The cristae and maculae are structures located within the membranous labyrinth.
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Somatic senses include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations.
Somatic senses include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations.
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Visceral senses are responsible for sensing pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, and temperature.
Visceral senses are responsible for sensing pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, and temperature.
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Chemoreceptors respond to changes in blood pressure.
Chemoreceptors respond to changes in blood pressure.
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Tactile receptors are classified as mechanoreceptors and are primarily responsible for pressure and vibration.
Tactile receptors are classified as mechanoreceptors and are primarily responsible for pressure and vibration.
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Proprioreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor that helps us sense the position of our muscles and joints.
Proprioreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor that helps us sense the position of our muscles and joints.
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Taste buds are found in the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis, and each taste bud contains approximately 10-20 cells.
Taste buds are found in the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis, and each taste bud contains approximately 10-20 cells.
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The taste cells in a taste bud are epithelial cells and each taste cell contains a single taste hair.
The taste cells in a taste bud are epithelial cells and each taste cell contains a single taste hair.
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Taste cells only synapse with cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve), responsible for the sense of taste.
Taste cells only synapse with cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve), responsible for the sense of taste.
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The anterior cavity of the eye contains vitreous humor.
The anterior cavity of the eye contains vitreous humor.
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Cones in the retina are primarily responsible for night vision.
Cones in the retina are primarily responsible for night vision.
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The fibrous layer of the eye includes structures like the cornea and sclera.
The fibrous layer of the eye includes structures like the cornea and sclera.
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Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary processes in the lens.
Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary processes in the lens.
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The outer segment of rods contains rhodopsin pigments.
The outer segment of rods contains rhodopsin pigments.
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Basal cells replace dead taste cells with a half-life of 7-10 days.
Basal cells replace dead taste cells with a half-life of 7-10 days.
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Foliate papillae are located at the tip and sides of the tongue.
Foliate papillae are located at the tip and sides of the tongue.
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Olfactory cells are part of the olfactory mucosa and can move freely.
Olfactory cells are part of the olfactory mucosa and can move freely.
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The tympanic membrane is responsible for transmitting sound waves to the outer ear.
The tympanic membrane is responsible for transmitting sound waves to the outer ear.
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The malleus, incus, and stapes are known as auditory ossicles in the middle ear.
The malleus, incus, and stapes are known as auditory ossicles in the middle ear.
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The olfactory nerve passes through the ethmoid bone via the olfactory foramina.
The olfactory nerve passes through the ethmoid bone via the olfactory foramina.
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The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body and is located in the inner ear.
The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body and is located in the inner ear.
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Supporting cells in the olfactory mucosa act as binding sites for odor molecules.
Supporting cells in the olfactory mucosa act as binding sites for odor molecules.
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The macula in the utricle and saccule is covered by the otolithic membrane and contains otoliths made of calcium carbonate.
The macula in the utricle and saccule is covered by the otolithic membrane and contains otoliths made of calcium carbonate.
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The cochlear duct has a circular shape, with the vestibular membrane as its roof and the basilar membrane as its floor.
The cochlear duct has a circular shape, with the vestibular membrane as its roof and the basilar membrane as its floor.
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Hair cells in the organ of Corti are responsible for the detection of gravity.
Hair cells in the organ of Corti are responsible for the detection of gravity.
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The otolithic membrane is a viscous layer that does not contain any calcified components.
The otolithic membrane is a viscous layer that does not contain any calcified components.
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The organ of Corti is located on the basilar membrane and includes both supporting cells and hair cells.
The organ of Corti is located on the basilar membrane and includes both supporting cells and hair cells.
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The structure of the macula is responsible for processing sound vibrations.
The structure of the macula is responsible for processing sound vibrations.
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The tectorial membrane in the cochlear duct contacts hair cells and is involved in hearing.
The tectorial membrane in the cochlear duct contacts hair cells and is involved in hearing.
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Gravity detection is a function of the cochlear duct.
Gravity detection is a function of the cochlear duct.
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The accessory visual structures include components such as eyelids and the lacrimal apparatus.
The accessory visual structures include components such as eyelids and the lacrimal apparatus.
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Otoliths are small vessels that transport sound waves to the brain.
Otoliths are small vessels that transport sound waves to the brain.
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The ampulla is the dilated part of the semicircular ducts that opens into the utricle.
The ampulla is the dilated part of the semicircular ducts that opens into the utricle.
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The cupula is located on top of the crista ampullaris and plays a role in detecting linear movement.
The cupula is located on top of the crista ampullaris and plays a role in detecting linear movement.
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Hair cells within the ampulla are stimulated when the endolymph moves in the same direction as the duct rotation.
Hair cells within the ampulla are stimulated when the endolymph moves in the same direction as the duct rotation.
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The vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting information related to balance and spatial orientation.
The vestibular branch of the eighth cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting information related to balance and spatial orientation.
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Endolymph is the fluid found in the cochlea of the inner ear.
Endolymph is the fluid found in the cochlea of the inner ear.
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The direction of duct rotation corresponds directly to the relative movement of endolymph within the ampulla.
The direction of duct rotation corresponds directly to the relative movement of endolymph within the ampulla.
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The saccule and utricle are part of the vestibular system, aiding in balance.
The saccule and utricle are part of the vestibular system, aiding in balance.
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Displacement in one direction stimulates hair cells while displacement in the opposite direction inhibits them.
Displacement in one direction stimulates hair cells while displacement in the opposite direction inhibits them.
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Supporting cells function to help detect rotational movement of the head.
Supporting cells function to help detect rotational movement of the head.
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The crista ampullaris is a sensory structure located in the ampulla, responsible for detecting head rotation.
The crista ampullaris is a sensory structure located in the ampulla, responsible for detecting head rotation.
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Study Notes
General & Special Senses
- This lecture covers the differentiation between general and special senses.
- It details the structural and functional characteristics of receptors in both types of senses.
- It also describes the special sense organs.
Types of Sensation
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General Senses (Somatosensory): Receptors spread throughout the body.
- Somatic Senses: Touch, pressure, vibration, temperature (warm/cold), pain, and proprioception (joint/muscle sensations).
- Visceral Senses: Pressure, stretch, chemical stimuli (nausea, hunger), and temperature changes in internal organs.
- Special Senses: Specialized cells located in specific sense organs, like gustation (taste), olfaction (smell), vision, equilibrium, and hearing.
Receptors
- General Features: Receptors detect stimuli. A receptor field is the area a receptor responds to.
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Classification of Receptors:
- Distribution: General or special senses.
- Stimulus Origin: Exteroceptors (external stimuli), interoceptors (internal stimuli), and proprioceptors (position/movement).
- Stimulus Modality: Chemoreceptors (chemicals), thermoreceptors (temperature), photoreceptors (light), mechanoreceptors (pressure/touch), baroreceptors (pressure changes), and nociceptors (pain).
Nociceptors
- Sensory receptors that detect painful stimuli.
- Diagram shows referred pain, implying pain felt in a region distant from its origin.
Thermoreceptors & Chemoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors: Detect temperature changes. Free nerve endings in the dermis, skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalamus.
- Chemoreceptors: Respond to water- and lipid-soluble substances (e.g. pH, CO2, O2).
Mechanoreceptors
- Types: Tactile (touch, pressure, texture, vibration), pressure changes in blood vessels and digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts.), position of joints and muscles.
- Classes include uncapsulated and encapsulated tactile receptors (Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini endings, Krause end bulbs, and root hair plexus).
Specific Receptor Examples (Diagrammatic Representation)
- Diagram shows different types of receptors (free nerve endings, Merkel discs, Krause end bulbs, root hair plexus, Meissner's corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles) located in the skin. These receptors are responsible for detecting various tactile and pressure sensations.
Gustation (Taste)
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Taste Buds: Oval-shaped structures containing 40-60 taste receptor cells, located on the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis.
- Taste Cells: Epithelial cells with taste hairs projecting into the taste pore. These hairs interact with dissolved chemicals.
- Supporting Cells: Similar to taste cells without taste hairs–support the function of taste cells.
- Basal Cells: Replace dead taste cells (lifespan of 7-10 days).
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Tongue Papillae: Structures on the tongue surface containing taste buds. Types include:
- Filiform: Tiny, most abundant, no taste buds
- Foliate: Parallel ridges, degenerate with age
- Fungiform: Mushroom-like, concentrated at the tip and sides
- Vallate/Circumvallate: Large, few in number, located at the back of the tongue, with many taste buds.
Olfaction (Smell)
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Olfactory Mucosa: Located on the roof of the nasal cavity.
- Olfactory Cells: Olfactory sensory neurons with olfactory hairs (immobilized) binding to odor molecules. Axons transmit information through olfactory nerve (CN I) to the olfactory bulb.
- Supporting Cells: Support function of olfactory cells
- Basal Cells: Differentiate into new olfactory cells (60 day lifespan.)
Equilibrium and Hearing
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Structures of the ear. The ear system comprises three areas: external, middle, and inner ear.
- External Ear: The outer ear includes the auricle (cartilage) and the external acoustic meatus (ear canal). It collects sound waves and transmits them to the middle ear. It also has hair follicles, sebaceous and ceruminous glands,
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Middle Ear: The middle ear, in the temporal bone, contains auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and muscles (tensor tympani, stapedius), connecting the outer ear to the inner ear via the eardrum. The function of auditory ossicles is to amplify sound, convert it mechanical energy to sound energy and transmit to the inner ear. Middle ear muscles help dampen excessive sound.
- Auditory Ossicles: Tiny bones that amplify sound and transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window.
- Middle Ear Muscles: Restrict ossicular movement and dampen loud sounds
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Inner Ear: Divided into bony and membranous labyrinths. The bony labyrinth is a system of canals and cavities. The membranous labyrinth is a fluid-filled membrane tube system within the bony labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth contains endolymph.
- Bony Labyrinth: Contains perilymph (extracellular fluid).
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Membranous Labyrinth: Contains endolymph (intracellular fluid); has 3 regions (semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea).
- Semicircular Canals: Detect rotational movements– oriented anterior, posterior, and lateral directions. The dilated parts are the ampulla, which contains cristae ampullaris to transmit these signals. They are fluid filled containing endolymph, the movement of endolymph stimulating the cilia causing the signals to be passed to the brain.
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Vestibule: Responsible for gravity-related movement and linear acceleration. The vestibule contains two sacs: the utricle and saccule. Each sac has macula, and the macula contains hair cells covered by the otolithic membrane. Otoliths are small crystals of calcium carbonate that press on the membrane when the head moves. When these crystals move, hair movements send signals to the brain about the head position.
- Cochlea: -Detects sound frequencies by using sound vibrations to move endolymph through the scala media, the basilar membrane. The vibration at different point of basilar membrane stimulates the hair cells. -Spiral organ/Organ of Corti: Detects sound; it contains the hair cells.
Vision
- Eyeball: A spherical organ incorporating the conjunctiva, eyelids, eyebrows, and extrinsic muscles, all accessory structures protecting and moving the eye.
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Cavities:
- Anterior Cavity: Anterior to the lens, contains the aqueous humor.
- Posterior Cavity: Between the lens and retina, containing the vitreous humor; helps maintain the eye shape.
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Layers:
- Fibrous Layer: Cornea and sclera.
- Vascular Layer: Iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
- Inner Layer: Retina.
- Lens: Needed for image focusing.
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Photoreceptor Cells: Rods and cones are responsible for detecting light.
- Rods: Detect light at low light intensity; black and white vision.
- **Cones:**Detect color; very sensitive to various light frequency.
Detailed Diagrammatic Images
- Multiple diagrams provide anatomical structures for various parts of the body related to each of the senses.
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Description
This quiz explores the differences between general and special senses, including their structural and functional characteristics. It covers the types of sensations like somatic and visceral senses, as well as the specific receptors involved. Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of sensory perception.
