2 Motivation and Emotion
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

  • Intrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards, while extrinsic motivation is driven by personal enjoyment
  • Intrinsic motivation is driven by social pressure, while extrinsic motivation is driven by personal satisfaction
  • Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards (correct)
  • Intrinsic motivation is driven by fear, while extrinsic motivation is driven by reward

    • Which of the following individuals would most likely be seeking a high level of arousal?

  • A marathon runner
  • A librarian
  • A chess player
  • A skydiver (correct)

    • What is the main idea behind Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

  • People's needs are categorized into different levels of importance
  • People's needs are met simultaneously
  • People's needs are hierarchical, with basic needs preceding higher-order needs (correct)
  • People's needs are limitless and random

    • What is the primary limitation of the Incentive Approach?

    <p>It fails to provide a complete explanation of motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of human motivation according to Maslow's Hierarchy?

    <p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the Cognitive and Incentive Approaches to motivation?

    <p>The Cognitive Approach is focused on internal thoughts, while the Incentive Approach is focused on external rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation for individuals with low achievement motivation?

    <p>Fear of failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the James-Lange theory, what is the sequence of events in an emotional experience?

    <p>External situation, physiological changes, emotional experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the James-Lange theory?

    <p>Visceral changes would have to occur relatively quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of emotions according to the text?

    <p>Preparing us for action, shaping our future behavior, and helping us interact more effectively with others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need for power characterized by?

    <p>Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need for affiliation characterized by?

    <p>Interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the instinct approach to motivation?

    <p>Understanding the biological needs essential to survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the drive-reduction approach?

    <p>A lack of biological need produces a drive to satisfy that need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between primary and secondary drives?

    <p>Primary drives are related to biological needs, while secondary drives are related to no obvious biological need</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the arousal approach to motivation?

    <p>To maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of motivation?

    <p>The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of the instinct approach to motivation?

    <p>It is unable to explain why behaviors evolve in some species but not others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the facial-feedback hypothesis?

    <p>That facial expressions help determine how people experience and label emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the study conducted in New Guinea?

    <p>Americans could accurately label the emotions of the New Guinean facial expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the methodology used in the Display Rules Study?

    <p>Participants were asked to produce facial expressions of different emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in display rules between Japanese and American participants in the study?

    <p>Japanese participants showed disgust when alone, but smiled with an experimenter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the study by Friesen (1972)?

    <p>It showed that Japanese and American participants have different display rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the Schachter-Singer Theory?

    <p>Emotions are determined jointly by physiological arousal and its interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial site of emotional response in the brain according to the text?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main finding of Ekman's Universality Studies?

    <p>Emotions are universally recognized across cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the Schachter-Singer Theory?

    <p>It suggests that arousal is nonspecific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of emotions according to the text?

    <p>Emotions are complex phenomena encompassing biological and cognitive aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the responses from the thalamus?

    <p>They are sent to both the autonomic nervous system and the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study with two preliterate tribes in New Guinea find?

    <p>Similar results as literate, industrialized, modern cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of facial expressions according to the facial-feedback hypothesis?

    <p>To reflect and determine emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was shown by the study conducted by Friesen (1972)?

    <p>Display rules are different between Japanese and Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of emotions according to the text?

    <p>They are reflected and determined by facial expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Americans do in the Display Rules Study?

    <p>Labeled emotions from facial expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the participants in the study conducted in New Guinea?

    <p>They were from a preliterate tribe in New Guinea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the study in New Guinea?

    <p>It found similar results to literate, industrialized, modern cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the participants do in the Display Rules Study?

    <p>Selected a story that best described a facial expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the facial-feedback hypothesis?

    <p>It suggests that facial expressions both reflect and determine emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the pictures of New Guinean facial expressions show to the Americans?

    <p>The Americans were able to accurately label the emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of studying facial expressions in preliterate tribes?

    <p>To understand the universality of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the facial-feedback hypothesis on emotional experience?

    <p>It determines how people experience and label emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the study conducted by Friesen (1972)?

    <p>It only studied Japanese and American participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main finding of the study in New Guinea?

    <p>Facial expressions of emotions are universally recognized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do facial expressions determine, according to the facial-feedback hypothesis?

    <p>How people experience and label emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the study in New Guinea in the context of emotional experience?

    <p>It provides evidence for the universality of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the display rules refer to?

    <p>Cultural norms for facial expressions of emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the study by Friesen (1972) in the context of emotional experience?

    <p>It demonstrates cultural differences in display rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the universal recognition of facial expressions of emotions?

    <p>Emotions are universally recognized across cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of facial expressions, according to the text?

    <p>To reflect emotional experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Major Approaches to Motivation

    • Instinct approach: suggests people and animals are born with preprogrammed behaviors essential to survival
      • Weaknesses: lack of agreement on number of primary instincts, unable to explain why behaviors evolve in some species but not others
    • Drive-reduction approach: suggests a lack of basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need
      • Drive: motivation tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need
      • Primary drives: related to biological needs of the body or species
      • Secondary drives: related to behavior that fulfills no obvious biological need
    • Arousal approach: believes people try to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity
      • If stimulation and activity levels become too high, individuals try to reduce them
      • If stimulation and activity levels become too low, people seek out stimulation to increase them
      • People vary in the optimal level of arousal they seek out
    • Incentive approach: suggests motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards
      • Fails to provide complete explanation of motivation as organisms sometimes seek to fulfill needs even with no apparent incentives
    • Cognitive approach: suggests motivation is a result of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals
      • Draws distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
      • Intrinsic motivation: causes individuals to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment
      • Extrinsic motivation: causes individuals to do something for a concrete reward

    Maslow's Hierarchy

    • Places motivational needs in a hierarchy
    • Suggests that before meeting sophisticated, higher-order needs, certain primary needs must be satisfied
    • Self-actualization: state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential
    • Importance of Maslow's hierarchy:
      • Highlights complexity of human needs
      • Emphasizes that until basic biological needs are met, people will be unconcerned about higher-order needs
      • However, research has been unable to validate the specific order of Maslow's hierarchy

    Other Needs

    • Achievement motivation: stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and achieving challenging goals
      • People with high need for achievement are selective in picking challenges
      • Avoid situations with success coming too easily or unlikely to come
      • People with low achievement motivation tend to be motivated primarily by a desire to avoid failure
    • Need for affiliation: interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people
    • Need for power: tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as a powerful individual

    Understanding Emotional Experiences

    • Emotions: feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior
    • Functions of emotions:
      • Preparing us for action
      • Shaping our future behavior
      • Helping us interact more effectively with others

    Theories of Emotions

    • The James-Lange Theory:
      • Emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation
      • Drawbacks: visceral changes would have to occur relatively quickly, physiological arousal does not invariably produce emotional experience, internal organs produce a limited range of sensations
    • The Cannon-Bard Theory:
      • Physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus
      • Rejects the view that physiological arousal alone leads to the perception of emotion
      • After we perceive an emotion-producing stimulus, the thalamus is the initial site of the emotional response
    • The Schachter-Singer Theory:
      • Emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation
      • Based on environmental cues
      • Supports a cognitive view of emotions

    Ekman's Universality Studies

    • Expressions are rather universal across cultures
    • Display rules can vary
    • Universality Studies (Ekman, 1972):
      • Photographs of emotion thought to portray universally recognizable emotions were shown to observers in different countries
      • High agreement for 6 basic emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear)
      • Criticism: only literate, industrialized, modern cultures were included### The Roots of Emotions
    • Later research contradicts Schachter and Singer's belief that arousal is a general, undifferentiated state, suggesting instead that arousal is more specific and that we may seek external cues to determine its source.
    • Emotions are complex and multifaceted, encompassing both biological and cognitive aspects.

    Multiple Perspectives on Emotion

    • No single theory has been able to fully explain all the aspects of emotional experience.

    Ekman's Universality Studies

    • Facial expressions of emotion are rather universal across cultures.
    • Display rules, or cultural norms governing emotional expression, can vary across cultures.
    • Universality Studies (Ekman, 1972): Ekman's research showed that photographs of emotions thought to be universally recognizable were presented to observers in different countries, who then labeled each emotion.
    • The results showed a high agreement for 6 basic emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, and fear.

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    General Psychology: Motivation and Emotion PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the major approaches to motivation, including instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, and cognitive approaches. It also explores the hierarchy of needs and explains the factors that direct and energize human behavior.

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