IBC - Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

_____ is a psychological process through which unsatisfied wants or needs lead to drives that are aimed at goals or incentives.

Assurance

Ability

Inducement

Motivation (correct)

The three basic elements in the process of motivation are:

Perceptions, attitudes and goal attainment

Needs, abilities and desires

Needs, drives and goal attainment (correct)

Desires, drives and accomplishments

The first assumption about the motivation process is that it is:

Culturally explicit

Universal (correct)

Country specific

Regionally distinct

In China _ is an important need and _ is a goal.

Group affiliation; harmony Signup and view all the answers

The factors Welsh, Luthans and Sommer observed among the Russian workforce that seemed to increase worker performance are:

Value of extrinsic reward and behavioral management Signup and view all the answers

Work-motivation theories can be broken down into two general categories which are:

Content and process Signup and view all the answers

Work-motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes or initiates employee behavior are explained by:

Content theories Signup and view all the answers

Process theories of work motivation:

Explain how employee behavior is initiated Signup and view all the answers

Most research in international human resource management has been _____, because these theories examine motivation in more general terms and are more useful in creating a composite picture of employee motivation in a particular country or region.

Content-oriented Signup and view all the answers

The hierarchy-of-needs theory is based primarily on work by _____; a well-known U.S. psychologist now deceased.

Abraham Maslow Signup and view all the answers

Maslow postulated that everyone has five basic needs, which constitute a need hierarchy. In ascending order, beginning with the most basic, they are:

Physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization needs Signup and view all the answers

The following needs are correctly matched with their descriptions except:

Social needs - the need for power and status Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following needs is correctly matched with its description?

Safety needs - the desire for security, stability and the absence of pain Signup and view all the answers

The desire to fulfill one's basic needs of food, clothing and shelter are included in:

Physiological needs Signup and view all the answers

The need to interact and affiliate with and, to feel wanted by others are included in:

Social needs Signup and view all the answers

The needs for power and status come under:

Esteem needs Signup and view all the answers

A basic assumption of Maslow's theory is that:

Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators Signup and view all the answers

Researchers have suggested that Maslow's theory needs a(n):

Collectivist perspective Signup and view all the answers

The Haire and follow-up studies dealt only with:

Managers Signup and view all the answers

The tables from Hofstede's research show that _____ needs rank highest for professionals and managers.

Esteem and self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

Researchers like Hofstede recommended that lower-level personnel should be given:

Physical rewards Signup and view all the answers

The top-ranking goal for professional technical personnel from various countries is:

Training Signup and view all the answers

The least important goal for professional technical personnel from various countries is:

A successful company Signup and view all the answers

The two-factor theory was formulated by well-known work-motivation theorist:

Frederick Herzberg Signup and view all the answers

The two-factor theory of motivation holds that two sets of factors influence job satisfaction. These are:

Hygiene, motivators Signup and view all the answers

In the two-factor motivation theory, the job content factors which include achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement and the work itself are referred to as:

Motivators Signup and view all the answers

Hygiene factors include all of the following except:

Advancement Signup and view all the answers

Salary under Herzberg's theory is:

A hygiene factor Signup and view all the answers

The following is not a motivator:

Working conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher concluded that 'the Herzberg model appears to have validity across occupational levels'?

George Hines Signup and view all the answers

A number of research efforts have been undertaken to replicate the two-factor theory and they:

Support Herzberg's findings Signup and view all the answers

In an Israeli kibbutz, the following hygiene factor was regarded as a source of satisfaction rather than dissatisfaction:

Interpersonal relations Signup and view all the answers

The most important motivational variable in Zambia is:

Work nature Signup and view all the answers

Herzberg-type motivators are of more importance to job satisfaction in:

Japan Signup and view all the answers

In work motivation, factors controlled by the organization, such as conditions, hours, earnings, security, benefits and promotions are referred to as:

Job context factors Signup and view all the answers

In work motivation, factors internally controlled, such as responsibility, achievement and the work itself are referred to as:

Job content factors Signup and view all the answers

_____ theory holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success and to reach objectives.

Achievement motivation Signup and view all the answers

Achievement motivation theory is associated with the work of Harvard psychologist:

David McClelland Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of achievement motivation, all of the following are characteristics of high achievers except:

They tend to be team players Signup and view all the answers

The theory that focuses on how motivation is affected by people's perception of how fairly they are being treated is the:

Equity theory Signup and view all the answers

The theory that focuses on how individuals go about setting goals and responding to them and the overall impact of this process on motivation is:

Goal-setting theory Signup and view all the answers

Expectancy theory postulates all of the following except:

The employees are controlled by the external environment Signup and view all the answers

_____ consists of a job's content, the methods that are used on the job and the way in which the job relates to others in the organization.

Job design Signup and view all the answers

In the context of job design and work centrality, the acronym QWL stands for:

Quality of Work Life Signup and view all the answers

A worker's QWL is directly related to his or her country's:

Culture Signup and view all the answers

_____ designs are job designs that blend personnel and technology.

Sociotechnical Signup and view all the answers

The importance of work in an individual's life relative to other areas of interest is referred to as:

Work centrality Signup and view all the answers

One reason that Americans and Japanese work such long hours is due to:

High cost of living Signup and view all the answers

'Balance in synergy' would require a moving away from all of the following except:

Holistic and idealistic thinking Signup and view all the answers

To motivate employees, especially in foreign countries with high individualism companies tend to offer:

Financial incentives Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation Concepts

Definition of Motivation: Psychological process where unsatisfied needs create drives aimed at goals or incentives.
Basic Elements of Motivation: Needs, drives, and goal attainment are fundamental to understanding motivation.
Assumptions in Motivation: Motivation is considered a universal process, transcending cultural and regional distinctions.

Cultural Context of Motivation

Chinese Motivation: Group affiliation is a significant need, while harmony is often the goal.
Russian Workforce Factors: Value of extrinsic rewards coupled with behavioral management enhances worker performance.

Motivation Theory Categories

The Categories: Work motivation theories fall into content and process categories.
Content Theories: Explain the nature of motivators that instigate employee behavior.
Process Theories: Detail how behavior is initiated and energized in the workplace.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Foundational Theory: Developed by Abraham Maslow; includes five basic needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization in ascending order of importance.
Misconception: Physiological needs are not merely social needs, and self-actualization focuses on personal potential versus power/status.

Two-Factor Theory

Herzberg's Theory: Two sets of factors influence job satisfaction: hygiene factors and motivators.
Job Content vs. Context: Job content factors (achievement, recognition) contribute to satisfaction, while context factors (salary, working conditions) are essential for preventing dissatisfaction.

High Achievers and Performance

Traits of High Achievers: Preference for accountability in problem-solving, desire for feedback on performance, and tendency towards moderate risk-taking.
Equity Theory: Emphasizes the perceived fairness of treatment influencing motivation.

Goal-Setting and Expectancy Theories

Goal-Setting Theory: Focuses on how individuals set and respond to goals, impacting motivation.
Expectancy Theory: Suggests that effort leads to performance, performance results in outcomes, and the value of outcomes to the individual is crucial.

Quality of Work Life (QWL)

Definition: QWL relates to an individual's job satisfaction and well-being influenced by their country's culture.
Job Design: Integrates personnel and technology for improved workplace dynamics.

Work Centrality

Significance of Work: A person's work relative to other life areas is critical for understanding work's role in their life.
Cultural Differences: Differences in work attitudes can affect work hours and expectations between cultures, such as high costs of living influencing long work hours in the U.S. and Japan.

Motivational Strategies

Incentives in Individualistic Cultures: Organizations in highly individualistic countries tend to offer financial incentives to motivate employees effectively.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts in Chapter 12 of IBC, focusing on motivation and its components. The flashcards cover essential terms and definitions relevant to understanding psychological processes related to motivation. Prepare to enhance your grasp of this important material!