30 Questions
What is the basic unit of structure and function in living things?
Cells
Which type of tissue provides support for the body and connects its parts?
Connective Tissue
What is the main function of muscle tissue?
Enable body movement
Which of the following is NOT a level of organization discussed in physiology?
Atoms
What type of tissue transmits nerve impulses throughout the body?
Nervous Tissue
Which level of organization involves groups of cells that perform a specific function together?
Tissues
Which organ system in the human body is responsible for producing body movement?
Muscular system
What is the main function of the integumentary system?
Protecting deeper tissues from injury
Which organ is NOT part of the respiratory system?
Stomach
What does the skeletal system primarily do in the human body?
Protect and support body organs
Which system includes organs like the thyroid gland and adrenal gland?
Endocrine system
Which system is responsible for removing waste and maintaining electrolyte balance in the body?
Urinary system
What are the three components that all control systems have?
Input signal, Integrating center, Output signal
Which type of control mechanism is restricted to the tissue or cell involved?
Local Control
What initiates an appropriate response in a control system?
Integrating center
Which of the following is NOT a feature of a local control mechanism?
Involves long-distance reflexes
In the context of physiological concepts, what does successful compensation lead to?
Reestablishment of homeostasis
Which term best describes a situation where a nearby cell senses a change and releases a chemical in response?
Local control
What does it mean for the body to be in homeostasis?
The body is balanced, and internal conditions remain stable
How do the kidneys contribute to homeostasis in mammals?
By removing excess water, salt, and urea from the blood
Which physiological process helps regulate blood sugar using glucagon and insulin?
Sleeping
In the context of homeostasis, what is the role of sleeping?
To help the body stay in balance by restoring energy and repairing tissues
How does an organism respond to maintain homeostasis?
By responding to its environment
Why are the kidneys essential for homeostatic regulation in mammals?
To remove excess water, salt, and urea from the blood
What type of feedback loop brings the regulated variable back into the desired range?
Negative Feedback Loop
In negative feedback loops, what happens with the response when the stimulus for the pathway is lost?
The response shuts off
What is the main characteristic of positive feedback loops?
The response reinforces the stimulus
In mammals, what are integrating centers usually part of in reflex control?
Nervous system or endocrine system
What can be the targets activated by output signals in mammals?
Any cell of the body
What type of signaling do mammals use for reflex control?
Long-distance signaling only
Study Notes
Sensitivity and Responsiveness
- All living things are able to sense and respond to stimuli around them, such as light, temperature, water, gravity, and chemical substances.
Levels of Organization
- Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organisms → Populations of one species → Ecosystem of different species → Biosphere
Cell Biology
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
- Specialized cells are uniquely suited to perform a specific function.
Tissues
- Tissues are groups of cells that perform a specific function.
- There are four main types of tissues:
- Epithelial tissue: glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces.
- Connective tissue: provides support for the body and connects its parts.
- Muscle tissue: along the bones, enables body to move.
- Nervous tissue: transmits nerve impulses throughout the body.
Organ Systems
- The human body has 11 physiological organ systems:
- Integumentary system: skin
- Muscular system: muscles
- Skeletal system: bones
- Digestive system: stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
- Respiratory system: lungs, airways
- Reproductive system: ovaries and uterus, testes
- Urinary system: kidneys, bladder
- Nervous system: brain, spinal cord
- Endocrine system: thyroid gland, adrenal gland
- Circulatory system: heart, blood vessels, blood
- Lymphatic (immune) system: thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
Homeostasis and Controls
- Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
- Homeostasis is maintained through negative feedback mechanisms, where the response opposes or removes the stimulus.
- There are two basic control mechanisms: local control and long-distance reflex control.
- Local control is restricted to the tissue or cell involved, and involves the release of chemical signals.
- Long-distance reflex control involves the integration of information from sensors, integrating centers, and effectors.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
- Negative feedback loops stabilize the regulated variable and maintain homeostasis.
- Positive feedback loops reinforce the stimulus and drive the regulated variable further from its normal value.
- Simple control systems have three components: an input signal, an integrating center, and an output signal.
Regulation of Body Functions
- The kidneys play a vital role in homeostatic regulation by removing excess water and ions from the blood.
- Sleeping is also a function that helps maintain homeostasis.
- Regulation of blood sugar levels is maintained through the action of glucagon and insulin.
Test your knowledge on general physiological concepts including levels of organization, sensitivity in living things, relationship between physiology and anatomy, and components of the human body.
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