General Pathology: Cell Injury and Death Quiz
37 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which process primarily involves the action of enzymes on cells following injury?

  • Necrosis (correct)
  • Tissue regeneration
  • Cell division
  • Apoptosis

    • What is a characteristic feature of cells undergoing apoptosis?

  • Increased cell size
  • Cell swelling
  • Nuclear fragmentation
  • Formation of apoptotic bodies (correct)

    • What initiates the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

  • ER stress
  • Cell shrinkage
  • Death receptor activation (correct)
  • Mitochondrial damage

    • Which of the following is NOT a known cause of apoptosis?

    <p>Cellular hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What morphologic change is associated with necrosis?

    <p>Pyknosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of injurious stimuli that can cause cell injury?

    <p>Chemical Derangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of cell injury is primarily associated with damage to energy production?

    <p>Mitochondrial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of apoptosis?

    <p>Activation of enzymes that degrade nuclear DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as one of the most important targets of injurious stimuli?

    <p>Cellular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during necrosis?

    <p>Cells swell and eventually rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cause of cell injury is a result of a single gene defect?

    <p>Genetic Derangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes reversible cell injury?

    <p>It allows cells to return to normal function if the injurious stimulus is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of apoptosis in physiologic situations?

    <p>To eliminate cells that are no longer needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily responsible for executing apoptosis?

    <p>Activation of caspases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation does apoptosis occur to maintain tissue function?

    <p>During cell mass reduction in the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers apoptosis in pathologic conditions related to DNA damage?

    <p>Direct damage to DNA or free radical production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does apoptosis play in the elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes?

    <p>It prevents them from causing autoimmune reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common pathologic condition that can stimulate apoptosis?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of apoptosis during embryogenesis?

    <p>Destruction of unnecessary cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does apoptosis respond to accumulated misfolded proteins?

    <p>By triggering cell death mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that differentiates necrosis from apoptosis in terms of cell size?

    <p>Necrosis results in enlarged cells while apoptosis results in reduced cell size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forms of necrosis maintains the underlying tissue architecture for several days?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the plasma membrane during necrosis compared to apoptosis?

    <p>The plasma membrane is disrupted in necrosis and may be altered in apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is primarily associated with bacterial or fungal infections?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physiological role of apoptosis?

    <p>Apoptosis serves to eliminate unwanted cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is characterized by a firm texture in the affected tissues?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In necrosis, what typically happens to the cellular contents?

    <p>They undergo enzymatic digestion and may leak out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of necrosis is typically the end result of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of caseous necrosis on microscopic examination?

    <p>Amorphous granular pink appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is typically associated with acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the formation of fibrinoid necrosis?

    <p>Immune reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes gangrenous necrosis from other types of necrosis?

    <p>Loss of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of fat saponification in fat necrosis?

    <p>Visible chalky white areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes autophagy?

    <p>Lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common feature of caseous necrosis?

    <p>Necrotic tissue exhibits a cheese-like appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT typical of fibrinoid necrosis?

    <p>Involvement of bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Cell Injury and Cell Death

    • Cell injury can be classified into reversible and irreversible types.
    • Stages involved in the progression of cell injury and death are crucial for understanding cellular responses to damage.

    Causes of Cell Injury

    • Causes range from physical trauma to genetic defects leading to metabolic diseases.
    • Major categories of injurious stimuli include:
      • Oxygen deprivation
      • Physical agents (e.g., trauma, temperature extremes)
      • Chemical agents and drugs (toxic substances)
      • Infectious agents (bacteria, viruses)
      • Immunologic reactions (autoimmune diseases)
      • Genetic derangements (mutations)
      • Nutritional imbalances (deficiencies or excesses)
      • Aging processes

    Mechanisms of Cell Injury

    • Key mechanisms contributing to cell injury:
      • ATP depletion affecting energy production
      • Mitochondrial damage impacting cell respiration
      • Calcium influx disrupting cellular function
      • Increased reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress
      • Membrane permeability changes compromising cell integrity
      • Accumulation of damaged DNA and misfolded proteins
    • Important targets of injury include aerobic respiration, cell membrane integrity, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton, and genetic material.

    Types of Cell Death

    • Two primary forms of cell death:
      • Apoptosis: programmed cell death involving self-degradation of nuclear DNA and proteins.
      • Necrosis: unregulated cell death due to irreversible injury, typically involving tissue decay and inflammation.

    Apoptosis

    • Physiologic roles include:
      • Programmed cell death during embryogenesis.
      • Cell elimination following hormonal changes (e.g., menstrual cycle).
      • Maintenance of cell population by removing excess cells in proliferating tissues.
      • Removal of self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent autoimmune responses.
    • Pathologic conditions leading to apoptosis include:
      • DNA damage from radiation or toxins.
      • Accumulation of misfolded proteins due to genetic mutations or free radical damage.

    Mechanisms of Apoptosis

    • Activation of caspases (proteolytic enzymes) drives the process.
    • Two pathways:
      • Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway influenced by mitochondrial permeability.
      • Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway triggered by surface molecules on cells.

    Morphological Features of Apoptosis

    • Cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, bleb formation, and phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies characterize apoptosis.

    Necrosis

    • A term describing the morphologic changes after cell death in living tissue due to irreversible injury.
    • Features include:
      • Pyknosis: nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia.
      • Karyorrhexis: fragmentation of nuclear material.
      • Karyolysis: fading basophilia of chromatin.

    Differences Between Apoptosis and Necrosis

    • Cell Size: Necrosis causes enlarged, swollen cells; apoptosis leads to reduced, shrunken cells.
    • Nucleus: In necrosis, nuclear degradation progresses through pyknotic to karyolytic stages; apoptosis results in fragmentation into small pieces.
    • Plasma Membrane: Lost integrity in necrosis; remains intact in apoptosis but altered.
    • Inflammation: Often present in necrosis, absent or minimal in apoptosis.
    • Physiologic Role: Necrosis is pathologic; apoptosis can be physiologic or pathologic.

    Patterns of Necrosis

    • Different forms include:
      • Coagulative: tissue architecture preserved; firm texture after death.
      • Liquefactive: occurs in bacterial infections; tissues become liquid due to enzyme action.
      • Caseous: usually seen in tuberculosis; necrotic tissue appears cheeselike.
      • Fat necrosis: fat tissue destruction due to lipase action, often linked to pancreatitis.
      • Fibrinoid: occurs during immune reactions; bright pink appearance due to immune complex deposition.
      • Gangrenous: reflects tissue death due to loss of blood supply, may lead to coagulative or liquefactive necrosis.

    Additional Concept: Autophagy

    • A lysosomal process where cells digest their own components, serving as a survival mechanism under stress conditions.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your understanding of cell injury and cell death concepts in General Pathology for the 1st semester of the 2024-2025 academic year. This quiz covers reversible and irreversible cell injuries, along with stages in the evolution of cell injury. Perfect for students in Medical Laboratory Technology.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser