General Chemistry 2 Overview

TCC Basic Education Department

• Aims to foster academic excellence and community involvement.

General Chemistry 2

• Taught by Ms. Nicole P. Prado, LPT.

Introduction to Chemistry

• No details provided.

Origin of Word "Chemistry"

• Language: Arabic
• Word: Alkimia
• Meaning: The art of transformation

What is Chemistry?

• The study of matter's composition, structure, properties, and changes.

Branches of Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry: Studies chemical compounds primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen; examples include medicines, detergents, and plastics.
• Inorganic Chemistry: Studies chemical compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds; examples include elements, minerals, and oxides.
• Physical Chemistry: Applies physics techniques and theories to chemical systems; examples include electroplating, combustion, and fluorescence.
• Analytical Chemistry: Focuses on separating, identifying, and quantifying the components of matter; examples include water quality testing, crime scene investigation, and blood examination.
• Biochemistry: Studies chemical processes in living organisms; examples include protein synthesis, DNA composition, and hormone structure.

The Kinetic Molecular Theory: Terms and Basic Assumptions

• Molecules are made of one or more atoms. Single-atom molecules may be the same, e.g., oxygen, or different, e.g., water (two hydrogen atoms, one oxygen).
• Molecules interact through cohesion (like attracts like) and adhesion (different attracts different).
• Cohesion: Like molecules attracting each other. Example: Mercury forms beads on surfaces.
• Adhesion: Different molecules attracting each other. Example: Tape sticks to paper.
• Molecules may be solid, liquid, or gas depending on their kinetic energy and arrangement.

Phases of Matter

• Solids: Have a fixed shape and volume; molecules vibrate at fixed points.
• Liquids: Do not have a fixed shape; molecules are close together and bound by cohesive forces. The molecules can move past each other.
• Gases: Have no fixed shape or volume; molecules are relatively far apart and move freely in constant, random motion and are acted upon by weak cohesive forces.

Temperature

• The degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object. Measures how hot or cold something is.

Thermometers

• Types: Dial and glass thermometers.
• Scales: Fahrenheit (named after Gabriel Fahrenheit) and Celsius (named after Anders Celsius). Fahrenheit uses the freezing and boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure to gauge temperature, Celsius does the same.

Measures of Heat

• Calorie: The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
• Kilocalorie: The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1°C
• British Thermal Unit (BTU): The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1°F.

Heat, Energy, and Molecular Theory

• Heat describes the movement of energy; heat flows from a warmer object to a cooler object.

Phase Change

• A type of change that takes place when solid, liquid, or gaseous matter changes.
• Examples of phase changes: Evaporation, condensation, freezing, melting, sublimation, deposition.

Kinetic Theory of Matter

• Describes the properties of solids, liquids, and gases using the molecular level.
• Solids, liquids, and gasses are made of particles and these particles are in motion.
• Gases, have high kinetic energy, low cohesive forces.

Activity #1 (General Chemistry 2)

• There is an assignment requiring critical analysis based on a relevant textbook. The students need to answer a specific question in the book (page 6) and follow grading criteria for organization of thoughts and connection with the topic.

Explore the foundational concepts in General Chemistry 2, taught by Ms. Nicole P. Prado. This quiz will cover essential topics such as the branches of chemistry, the definition of chemistry, and the origin of the term. Suitable for students seeking to deepen their understanding of chemical principles.