MCAT General Chemistry Review

Various scientists across different fields

<p>AHED is an acronym</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paramagnetic materials are attracted to magnets; diamagnetic are repelled</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quantum numbers describe the energy levels and orbitals of electrons in atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>s orbitals are spherical, p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped, d and f orbitals have more complex shapes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic orbitals correspond to the electron configurations of the elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Aufbau principle states that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trends include electronegativity, atomic radius, ionization energy, and electron affinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds are chemical bonds formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By measuring the difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bonds are formed when one atom transfers electrons to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermolecular forces are forces that occur between molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sigma bonds are formed by the direct overlap of atomic orbitals, while pi bonds are formed by the side-to-side overlap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in the free atom and the number assigned to the atom in a molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An H-bond donor is an electronegative atom bonded to a hydrogen, while an acceptor is an electronegative atom that attracts the hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VSEPR theory predicts the 3D geometry of molecules based on electron pair interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron geometry considers all electron groups, while molecular geometry considers the arrangement of bonded atoms only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equivalents refer to the reactive capacity of an ion, while normality is the concentration of equivalents per liter of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Types of reactions include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zero order reactions have a constant rate, first order reactions depend on the concentration of one reactant, and second order reactions depend on the concentration of two reactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rate law equations express the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentration of its reactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that helps predict whether a reaction will occur spontaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They depict reaction rates as a function of substrate concentration in enzyme kinetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reaction mechanisms are the step-by-step sequences of elementary reactions that occur during a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Arrhenius equation relates the rate constant of a reaction to temperature and activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The equilibrium constant (K) is a ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reaction quotient (Q) is the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at any point in time during a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinetic control refers to the influence of activation energy, while thermodynamic control refers to the stability of products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Le-Chatelier's principle states that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift to counteract the disturbance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systems refer to the matter being studied, while processes are the changes that occur in the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>State functions are properties depending only on the state of the system, such as temperature and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gibbs free energy (G) is the energy associated with a chemical reaction that can perform work at constant temperature and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Gibbs free energy equation is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, while heat (q) is the energy transferred due to temperature difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enthalpy (H) is the total heat content of a system at constant pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ideal gases are hypothetical gases that follow the ideal gas law perfectly without any interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ideal gas law is PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other gas laws include Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Avogadro's law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diatomic gases are gases composed of two atoms, such as O2 and N2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Real gases are gases that do not perfectly follow the ideal gas law due to interactions between molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kinetic molecular theory describes the behavior of gases at the molecular level, emphasizing motion and collisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solutions terminology encompasses terms like solute, solvent, and concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration is the amount of solute present in a given volume of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solutions equilibria refer to the balance between dissolved solute and undissolved solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solubility rules are guidelines that predict the solubility of compounds in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colligative properties are properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, not their identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids typically taste sour, while bases taste bitter and feel slippery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyvalence refers to ions that can donate or accept multiple protons, while normality measures concentration based on equivalents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Titrations are analytical techniques used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Titration setup involves a burette, titrant, and analyte in an Erlenmeyer flask.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A titration curve is a graph that depicts the change in pH as titrant is added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves the gain of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation rules help determine the oxidation state of atoms in a compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Net ionic equations show the species involved in a chemical reaction, excluding spectator ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balancing via the half-reaction method involves separating oxidation and reduction reactions and balancing each one individually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that generates electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell that requires an external voltage to drive a non-spontaneous reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell potentials refer to the voltage developed by an electrochemical cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emf (electromotive force) is the potential difference across a cell, and thermodynamics deals with energy changes in reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Nernst equation relates cell potential to the concentrations of reactants and products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon, while alcohols are hydrocarbons with one or more hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes are organic compounds with a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketones have it within the chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary structures refer to the sequence of amino acids, secondary structures involve alpha helices and beta sheets, and tertiary structures refer to the overall 3D shape of a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing a carboxyl group (-COOH), while derivatives include esters and amides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Straight-chain names refer to the nomenclature of alkanes based on the number of carbon atoms in a linear arrangement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereoisomers are compounds that differ in the arrangement of atoms in space but have the same connectivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural or spatial arrangements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative configuration describes the stereochemical relationship between two chiral centers, while absolute configuration defines the spatial arrangement of atoms around a chiral center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atomic orbitals describe the regions where electrons are likely to be found, while quantum numbers provide the set of values that indicate the orbital's size, shape, and orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular orbitals are formed by the linear combination of atomic orbitals when atoms bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals for bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids are substances that donate protons, and bases are substances that accept protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemoselectivity is the preference of a chemical reaction to favor one of multiple possible reaction pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SN1 reactions are unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions, while SN2 reactions involve a bimolecular process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that donate electrons, electrophiles are electron-poor species that accept electrons, and leaving groups are atoms or groups that can depart from the substrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solvents are substances that dissolve solutes to form a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SN1 reactions involve a two-step mechanism, while SN2 reactions are a one-step, concerted process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohols are organic compounds with one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups, known for their ability to form hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactions of alcohols include dehydration, oxidation, and substitution reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reactions of phenols include electrophilic substitution and oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group and exhibit unique reactivity in organic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids, while ketones are resistant to oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleophilic addition reactions involve nucleophiles attacking electrophilic carbonyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enolates are nucleophiles derived from aldehydes and ketones and play a role in various organic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enolate chemistry involves reactions where enolates are key intermediates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldol condensation is a reaction where aldehydes or ketones form beta-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones, which can dehydrate to form alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) and are known for their acidic nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acids can be synthesized by oxidizing primary alcohols or aldehydes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reduction of carboxylic acids yields primary alcohols when treated with reducing agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleophilic acyl substitution involves the substitution of leaving groups by nucleophiles on acyl compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acid halide synthesis involves forming acid chlorides from carboxylic acids and a chlorinating agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers