General Biology 2: Genetic Engineering and Gene Transfer
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the restriction enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology?

  • To identify specific genes within a genome.
  • To replicate DNA molecules rapidly.
  • To transport DNA into cells.
  • To cut DNA at specific sequences. (correct)

    • What is the difference between classical plant breeding and genetic engineering?

  • Classical breeding focuses on only one or two genes, while genetic engineering targets multiple genes.
  • Classical breeding uses only natural processes, while genetic engineering involves artificial manipulation. (correct)
  • Classical breeding modifies the genetic makeup of an organism, while genetic engineering alters its physical phenotype.
  • Classical breeding is more efficient and rapid than genetic engineering.

    • What are the three modes of gene transfer between bacteria, as mentioned in the text?

  • Meiosis, Mitosis, Binary Fission
  • Replication, Transcription, Translation
  • Transduction, Transformation, Conjugation (correct)
  • Mutation, Selection, Adaptation

    • Which of the following is NOT a step involved in the general outline of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Transcription of the recombinant DNA into RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can genetic engineering be used to enhance a present trait in an organism?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between genetic engineering and artificial selection?

    <p>Genetic engineering is a more precise form of artificial selection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered to be a biomedical technique mentioned in the text?

    <p>Gene therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the process of ligation in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>The joining of DNA fragments to create a recombinant DNA molecule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Genetic Engineering

    The artificial manipulation and modification of DNA to change an organism.

    Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

    DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.

    Transduction

    A mode of gene transfer in bacteria using a virus to transfer DNA.

    Transformation

    The uptake of free DNA from the surrounding fluid by a bacterium.

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    Conjugation

    A method of gene transfer in bacteria resembling mating between cells.

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    Restriction Enzymes (REs)

    Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, used in genetic engineering.

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    Vector

    A vehicle used to transfer genetic material into a target cell.

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    Gene Expression Enhancement

    Increasing the activity or presence of a gene to enhance a trait.

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    Study Notes

    General Biology 2

    • Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules to modify organisms or populations of organisms.
    • The term encompasses artificial selection and biomedical techniques like artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, cloning, and gene manipulation.
    • Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly through breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits.
    • Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes.
    • Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding of closely or distantly related organisms to generate new crop varieties and lines with desirable properties.

    Gene Transfer

    • Three modes for gene transfer between bacteria:
      • Transduction (transfer via virus)
      • Transformation (uptake of DNA from the surrounding fluid)
      • Conjugation (bacterial version of mating).

    Recombinant DNA

    • Steps in creating recombinant DNA:
      • Isolate plasmid and gene of interest
      • Cut both with restriction enzymes
      • Join gene and plasmid using DNA ligase
      • Insert recombinant plasmid into bacterial host
      • Select and culture bacteria containing the gene of interest
      • Obtain huge copies of the gene

    Recombinant DNA Outline

    • Cutting/cleavage of DNA via restriction enzymes (RES).
    • Selection of a suitable vector/vehicle (e.g., circular plasmid).
    • Ligation (joining) of the gene of interest to the vector.

    Recombinant DNA Methods

    • Biolistics: Injecting cells with genetic information using a heavy metal element bullet coated in plasmid DNA; used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues.
    • Heat Shock Treatment: Process to transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria. Cells are incubated with the desired plasmid for approximately 30 minutes.
    • Electroporation: Technique to expand membrane pores through an electric shock (similar methodology to Heat Shock).
    • Selection methods: - Selection of plasmid DNA-containing cells - Selection of transformed cells with the desired gene - PCR detection of plasmid DNA - Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

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    Week 1-3rd Qtr Genetic Engineering PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of genetic engineering and gene transfer in this quiz. Learn about the manipulation of DNA, techniques like cloning, and the various methods of gene transfer in bacteria. Test your understanding of how these processes influence agriculture and biotechnology.

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