Genetic Engineering: Gene Transfer to Plants

True (A)

Nopaline and octopine

<p>tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-DNA = Contains genes for auxin, cytokinin, and opine synthesis vir genes = Responsible for the transfer of T-DNA into the plant cell opine catabolism region = Controls expression of opine transport and breakdown T-DNA border sequences = Define the boundaries of the T-DNA region</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer T-DNA into the plant cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Auxins and cytokinins are plant hormones. Auxins promote cell elongation, while cytokinins stimulate cell division. These hormones are encoded by genes in the T-DNA region. When these genes are expressed in the plant, they promote uncontrolled growth, leading to the formation of tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VirD2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VirA and VirG are responsible for sensing plant signals, such as acetosyringone and sugar, and activating other Vir genes. This activation is a key step in initiating the T-DNA transfer process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VirB encodes proteins that form a type IV secretion system (T4SS). This system acts as a channel for the transfer of the T-DNA from the bacterium into the plant cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VirA = Senses plant signals and activates VirG VirG = Activates expression of other Vir genes VirD1 = Cleave the T-DNA at the right border VirD2 = Cleave the T-DNA at the left border VirB = Forms a transport channel for T-DNA transfer VirE2 = Protects T-DNA during transfer VirE1 = Facilitates T-DNA movement within the plant cell VirF = Regulates T-DNA integration into the plant genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To integrate the T-DNA into the plant genome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The VirB proteins form a membrane channel that exports the T-DNA from the bacteria into the plant cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pore</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>VirE2 binds to the T-DNA, preventing it from being degraded by plant enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VirD2 = Pilot protein that guides T-DNA into the plant cell VirB = Form a membrane channel for T-DNA export VirE2 = Forms a pore in the plant cytoplasmic membrane and protects T-DNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enters the plant nucleus and integrates into the plant genome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T-DNA transfer allows Agrobacterium tumefaciens to introduce its own genes into the plant genome, causing the plant to produce substances that benefit the bacteria, like opines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To activate Vir genes through released chemicals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used to coat the DNA to ensure it does not interact with the plant cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>biolistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can transfer gene to all plant species = Advantage High cost of equipment = Disadvantage No living vector required = Advantage Random intracellular targeting = Disadvantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide the T-DNA to the plant cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>auxin, cytokinin, and opine genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Move T-DNA region = Transfer the T-DNA from the Ti plasmid to a separate plasmid Replace genes = Substitute auxin, cytokinin, and opine genes with the gene of interest Positioning the gene = Ensure the gene is between right and left borders Vir genes retention = Keep vir genes on the original plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ti plasmid is large (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The transfer of T-DNA into the plant cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

A critical area in A.tumefaciens responsible for T-DNA transfer to plants.

A protein that helps activate the transfer process in A.tumefaciens when stimulated by plants.

A protein that works with VirA to regulate the virulence genes in A.tumefaciens.

A protein that cleaves T-DNA at its borders during transfer.

A protein that also participates in cleaving T-DNA, ensuring proper transfer to plants.

A protein involved in forming the transfer apparatus during T-DNA transfer.

A protein that binds to T-DNA and helps in its transfer to plant cells.

Transferred DNA from A.tumefaciens into the plant genome, responsible for genetic modification.

A passage created by VirB for T-DNA movement from bacteria to plant.

Method of transferring genes into plants using Agrobacterium bacteria.

Process where transferred DNA merges with the plant's genome inside the nucleus.

The process by which VirE2 creates openings for T-DNA transfer.

A device that shoots DNA-coated particles into plant cells.

Function of VirE2 that safeguards T-DNA during its transfer into the plant.

A bacterium involved in transferring T-DNA to plants for genetic engineering.

Non-reactive substances used to coat DNA for gene transfer.

Can transfer genes to any plant without living vectors and is simple to use.

VirD2 helps guide T-DNA into plant cells and integrates it into the genome.

Method where T-DNA region is modified and integrated into plants.

Plant hormones that are removed and replaced in co-integration.

A method that uses two plasmids: one for T-DNA and another for virulence genes.

Plasmid modified to remove harmful genes for safe gene transfer.

The effectiveness of transferring genes into plant cells.

Plasmid that contains vir genes necessary for T-DNA transfer.

The process of introducing new genetic material into an organism's cells.

Tumor-inducing plasmid that carries genes for tumor formation in plants.

A plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and is involved in the formation of galls.

A plant hormone that promotes cell division and works with auxin.

A compound produced by plants that serves as a nutrient for Agrobacterium.

A condition caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens resulting in tumor-like swellings.