Gene Structure and Transcription Process
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of a promoter in gene expression?

Machinery that transcribes DNA to RNA binds to this site

Explain the role of RNA polymerase in transcription.

Enzyme that polymerizes nucleotides and extends the RNA chain

What happens during the elongation step of transcription?

RNA with base complementary to DNA is paired using hydrogen bonding

Why is termination important in the transcription process?

<p>Stops the elongation process and releases the polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of non-coding regions in DNA?

<p>Regulation of gene expression and prevention of fatal mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does RNA polymerase initiate transcription?

<p>By binding to a promoter sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of RNAs involved in translation and what are their functions?

<p>mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, microRNAs. mRNA carries the genetic information, tRNA provides specificity, rRNA is part of the ribosome complex, microRNAs have regulatory functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure and function of tRNA in the translation process.

<p>tRNA has a cloverleaf structure and carries a specific amino acid residue. It also has an anticodon that binds to the mRNA in the ribosome to provide specificity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

<p>Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. They are complexes of proteins and RNA that facilitate the translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of translation initiation.

<p>During initiation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA, and a tRNA corresponding to the start codon (AUG) initiates the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the translation elongation stage?

<p>In elongation, the ribosome moves along the RNA codon by codon, adding complementary tRNAs and polymerizing the amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the translation process terminated?

<p>Translation is terminated at a stop codon where there is no corresponding tRNA. This signals the ribosome to release the polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of biology?

<p>The central dogma is the process where DNA is transcribed into RNA, and then the RNA is translated into proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of RNA polymerase in gene expression.

<p>RNA polymerase is responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA during the process of gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in gene expression?

<p>mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the genetic code translate nucleotides to amino acids?

<p>The genetic code uses 3 nucleotides called codons to specify 1 amino acid in the protein sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of non-coding regions in gene expression?

<p>Non-coding regions play regulatory roles in gene expression by influencing transcription and translation processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between a gene and a functional protein.

<p>A gene contains the genetic information necessary to produce a functional protein through the process of translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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