Gender Studies Overview
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Questions and Answers

Men and women in the Israeli kibbutzim historically shared everyday jobs and responsibilities equally.

True (A)

George Murdock's research found significant cultural variations in the tasks assigned to men and women across societies.

False (B)

Patriarchy refers to a social system where women dominate men in political and economic structures.

False (B)

Margaret Mead's research concluded that gender distinctions are largely influenced by cultural factors rather than biological differences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type A personality traits are not linked to any health issues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gender stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege among men, women, and non-binary people.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sex assigned at birth is based solely on social and cultural expectations rather than physical qualities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gender is a dimension of social organization that is learned and institutionalized within society.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The characteristics assigned to individuals based on their gender are always recognized and accepted without question in society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Liberal, radical, and sociologist feminism all share identical views on the role of gender in society.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assimilation involves changes in both ethnicity and race.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Segregation enforces separations that benefit minority groups.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Conservatives generally see social inequality as a result of differences among individuals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethnic stratification refers to the hierarchy of power that determines access to resources.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Race is purely a biological concept that is easily defined.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority group in Canada is often considered an ethnic group.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Miscegenation refers to the social separation of different racial categories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Race is fundamentally based on genes and biological differences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Feminism began in the 1840s and supports social equality for both men and women.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical traits such as skin color and body shape are the only factors that define race.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intersection theory focuses on the interplay of race, class, and gender.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meanings of race remain constant and are universally understood across different societies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Racial categories can reinforce a social hierarchy that privileges certain groups over others.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discrimination and prejudice are two terms that can be used interchangeably without any differences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pluralism, assimilation, segregation, and genocide are all examples of patterns in societal relationships towards race and ethnicity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gender Stratification

Unequal distribution of power, resources, and opportunities based on gender.

Gender as a social construct

Gender roles and expectations are primarily determined by culture, not biology.

Patriarchy

A social system where men hold primary power and control over women, impacting societal structures.

Margaret Mead's research

Research showing that gender roles vary greatly across cultures, highlighting that gender is socially constructed, not biologically determined.

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Consequences of patriarchy on men

Patriarchal norms lead to social pressures, risk-taking behavior, and potentially negative health outcomes for men, associated with rigid gender expectations.

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Gender vs. Sex

Gender is the social roles and expectations assigned to individuals based on their sex (male, female, or non-binary). Sex is the biological/physical characteristics.

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Gender's social impact

Gender shapes how individuals interact, perceive themselves, and experience social institutions. It creates societal hierarchies based on assumptions about masculinity and femininity.

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Traditional Gender Roles

Historically, societies often assigned specific roles and functions to men and women.

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Social Construction of Race

The idea that race is not based on biological differences but on societal definitions and norms.

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Race as a Social Construct

Race is a concept created and defined by society, not by biological realities.

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Race and Physical Traits

Physical traits (e.g., skin color, hair type) are used to categorize people into races, but these traits themselves don't determine race.

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Harmful Racial Types

Categorizing people into racial types was initially created but is now seen as harmful and racist.

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Racial Hierarchy

The system where certain races gain privileges and power while others suffer.

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Race and Ancestry

Race is linked to ancestry and migration patterns, but these elements are shaped by a society's views, not genetics.

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Race and Power

Race is a concept used to create social hierarchies and allocate power and resources.

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Race Across Cultures

The meaning and importance of race differ significantly across societies and throughout history.

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Assimilation

The process where minority groups adopt the patterns of the dominant culture.

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Miscegenation

Biological reproduction between partners of different racial categories.

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Segregation

Physical and social separation of different groups of people.

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Genocide

Systematic killing of a specific group of people.

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Ethnicity

A collection of people who, due to shared culture and interaction, see themselves and are seen as a cultural unit.

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Race

A social concept of difference between populations categorized by society.

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Ethnic Stratification

A hierarchy of inequality where some ethnic groups are dominant and hold power over others.

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Study Notes

Gender Stratification

  • Society creates gender stratification through socialization, influencing individuals' personal and social identities as male, female, or non-binary.
  • Gender is a learned and institutionalized aspect of social organization, differentiating from sex assigned at birth and changing over time.
  • It shapes interactions and perceptions, establishing hierarchies in wealth, power, and other aspects.
  • Gendered expectations (meanings and expectations assigned to different genders) is upheld by social and cultural norms.
  • Gender pervasively influences opportunities and constraints throughout life.
  • The characteristics associated with gender go unnoticed despite being normalized and influencing social roles and leadership.
  • Sex is assigned at birth, based on physical and physiological qualities that become culturally constructed and viewed.

Gender Stratification: Unequal Distribution

  • Gender stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men, women, and non-binary people.

Fundamental Assumptions About Gender

  • Gender is traditionally presented as a binary (male and female).
  • The two genders perform different roles and functions in society.

Macro-Level Analysis of Gender

  • Society is viewed as two separate but interconnected spheres: public (market, government) and private (home).
  • The Public sphere has traditionally been dominated by men.
  • The Private sphere has historically focused on women.
  • There is a sexual division of labor, which traditionally placed men in the public sphere and women in the private sphere.
  • This division, while significant from 1914 to 1968, has blurred.

Gender and Social Stratification

  • Gender is more than how people think and act; it's how society organizes itself and shapes experiences, creating a social hierarchy.

  • Working women and men and their income level.

  • The public and private spheres and their gender differences in 2021.

  • Occupations, labor force participation, and earnings show differences according to gender.

  • Gender shapes career paths and societal expectations, which influence the types of work and leadership roles.

  • Culture defines gender roles that shape how men and women express themselves and their behaviours in family and society.

  • Men and women in families, peer groups, and schools.

  • Gender and schooling shapes individual interests and how men and women engage in different courses.

  • The media (television, commercials) show the influence of gender.

  • Ads show a difference between men and women.

  • 78% of women in education field.

Gender and Social Stratification

  • Gender is a deeply ingrained part of culture.
  • Different cultures have different ideas of masculinity and femininity.
  • Research shows that gender roles are shaped by culture, not biology.

Gender is Constructed

  • The way societies define masculinity and femininity is entirely based on culture, not biology.
  • The Israeli Kibbutzim, a society known for its emphasis on equality, demonstrates how cultural norms and practices shape ideas of gender, not biology.
  • Research from Margaret Mead and studies of different societies worldwide provide evidence that the traits associated with being male or female are constructed and vary significantly from culture to culture.

Gender and Social Stratification

  • Societal norms and values, including ideas of masculinity and femininity, influence various aspects of people's lives, from work and family to the way people are treated in society.
  • Women play a significant role in supporting and nurturing others in many cultures.
  • The power dynamic between men and women in society is reflected in the way that some societal norms and values affect relationships between individuals.

Social Conflict Theory

  • Gender is an important dimension of social inequality.
  • Societal inequalities benefit men and disadvantage women.
  • Gender inequality is tied to private property and class hierarchies.

Social Construction of Race and Ethnicity

  • Race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories that are based on physical and cultural traits perceived as important by a society.
  • These categories have changed over time and reflect power dynamics in society.
  • Societal definitions of race and ethnicity, including how they are used in classifications and by societal institutions, frequently differ from one another.

Prejudice and Discrimination

  • Prejudice is an unfair or hostile attitude toward a person or group based solely on membership in a particular group.
  • Discrimination is the unfair or negative treatment of people based solely on membership in a particular group.

Deviance

  • Deviance refers to any behaviour that is considered to be a violation of social norms or rules.
  • Deviance is relative because different societies and groups have different norms and values.
  • It depends on the perceived norms within a society, rather than any inherent qualities of the individual.

Social Change

  • Social change refers to the transformation of culture and social institutions over time.
  • Involves the change in social norms, roles, and values of a society.
  • Social change is continuous and can happen gradually or rapidly.
  • Factors such as technological developments, population shifts, environmental changes, and shifts in values can cause social change.

Social Movements

  • Social movements are organized activities that encourage or discourage social change.
  • Usually involved numerous actors, differing from crowds, mobs, and rumors because of an organized effort to achieve a specific goal.
  • Types of social movements differ based on their goals (e.g., alternative, redemptive, reformative, or revolutionary).

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Gender Stratification and Social Institutions PDF

Description

This quiz explores various concepts related to gender studies, highlighting the roles and responsibilities of men and women in different societies, the impact of culture on gender distinctions, and the implications of gender stratification. Test your knowledge on influential research and the social constructs surrounding gender identity.

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