Gender Stratification and Social Institutions PDF

Describe the ways society creates gender stratification Explain importance of gender to socialization Analyze extent of gender inequality in social institutions Apply major sociological theories to gender stratification Contrast liberal, radical and sociologist feminism GENDER: personal traits...

Describe the ways society creates gender stratification Explain importance of gender to socialization Analyze extent of gender inequality in social institutions Apply major sociological theories to gender stratification Contrast liberal, radical and sociologist feminism GENDER: personal traits + social positions that society attaches to being male/female/non-binary - Individuals personal/social identity as man/women/non-binary - Learned + institutionalized by/in society (A dimension of social organization) - Can differ from sex at birth and can change over time - Shapes how we interact with other and how we think about ourselves - Involves hierarchy in wealth, power etc. HAS CONSISTED OF: meanings + expectations of male/female - Upheld by social + cultural systems - Affects the opportunities/constraints we face throughout lives GENDER IS PERVASIVE: in almost all aspects of society - It is highly normalized - The characteristics given to humans because of their gender go unnoticed even though they are strange - Determines who leads society, their identity and their place in society SEX: sex assigned at birth based on reproductive organs - Physical + physiological qualities - Becomes culturally constructed - Views/behaviours particular to masc/fem   GENDER STRATIFICATION: the **unequal distribution** of wealth, power and priviledge between men, women and non-binary people 3 FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT GENDER: 1. Gender is traditionally presented as binary (male + female) 2. These 2 gender perform different functions in society 3. The dominant positions in society have typically been held by males  MACRO-LEVEL ANALYSIS: views society as being comprised of 2 separate but interrelated **spheres**  PUBLIC SPHERE: the market, economic institutions, government - **productive** - Where goods + services are produced - Men concentrated in jobs + economy PRIVATE SPHERE: personal (home/domestic) - **Reproductive** - People work in public sphere - Reproduce their labour - Intergenerationally socialized + born - women have diff types of labour SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR: the dominant divisions between gender - Which have typically and historically been situated in different types of work/labour SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR 1914-1968: rise in industrial capitalism - **Clear division** between the two spheres - Men in public sphere - Women in private sphere - Role of men + women was clearly laid out in their respective spheres   SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR 1968-AFTER: the divisions between the 2 spheres began to blur into sexual division **within** spheres - Women started moving into public sphere from private sphere   WHY THE CHANGE IN SEXUAL DIVISION OF LABOUR 1968?   1. ECONOMY CHANGED: decrease in number of single person income and it wasn\'t enough 2. WOMEN\'S MOVEMENT: increase in feminism and civil rights movements and activists 3. WOMEN WANTED TO WORK: increase in education allowed for women 4. DIVORCE LAWS CHANGED: women were able to divorce and be on their own 5. BIRTH CONTROL: women weren\'t forced to have children and were free to work   THE SPHERES AFTER 1968 PUBLIC/PRODUCTIVE SPHERE: more women moved into this sphere still some divisions - There was still significant historic gender patterns (earnings, positions) - Male and female dominated occupations   PRIVATE/REPRODUCTIVE SPHERE: more men were domestically involved but still broad private patterns - Household gendered relations - Domestic labour - Women faced disruptions to public sphere based on the gendered relations in the private sphere - Tasks for women were routine + intermittent for men (yard work) - Most of the managerial tasks get put on women  2 KEY POINTS EMERGED FROM 1968 DIVISION LABOUR CHANGE: 1. Social relations in the **private** sphere have **historically** been gendered 2. The \"productive\" and \"reproductive\" spheres overlap a. There is a complex feedback between them in relation to binary gender divisions  GENEDER STRATIFICATION ON MICRO LEVEL: how attention is **given** and **received** in conversations  THE PURSUIT OF ATTENTION: diff social relations as power relations differ - Those with power= more attention - Those without power=less attention - SHIFT RESPONSE: men receiving attention (more in dominant group members - SUPPORT RESPONSE: women giving attention (more in subordinate group members)  GENDER EXCLUSION: there are many differences in what men/women do better/differently because of this in history. - There is more social reasons than biological reasons for why men/women differ and are encouraged by social environments   GENDER IS BASED IN CULTURE   THE ISRAELI BIBBUTZ: there are collective settlements called *kibbutzim* and is an important setting for gender research because gender equality is one of its stated goals - Men and women share both in work and decision making - Have recently become less collective and distinctive organization - Men and women shared most everyday jobs, - Men took care of children, women helped repair buildings and in armed security - Boys/girls were raised in the same way - Many times young children were raised in dormitories away from their parents - Men/women achieved remarkable social equality **Evidence that cultures define what is feminine/masculine**  MARGARET MEADS RESEARCH: groundbreaking research on gender, reasoned that if gender based biological diffs, then feminine/masculine should be the same everywhere but if gender comes from culture then it should vary - Studied 3 societies in New Guinea o - The Arapesh, Observed that men/women had similar attitudes and behaviours and that both genders were cooperative, sensitive to others - Studied the Mundugumor, headhunting and cannibalism was opposite to gentle ways of the Arapesh, both men/women were selfish and aggressive, commonly defined as masculine - The Tchambuli, defined men/women differently but **reversed** the roles of common gender, women were dominant and rations, men were submissive and emotional and nurturing - Concluded that culture is key to gender distincitions because one society defines masculine/feminine in their own ways   GEORGE MURDOCKS RESEARCH: studied more than 200 preindustrial societies found global agreement on which tasks are feminine/masculine - Hunting and warfare were generally done by men - Home-centered tasks done by women - Preindustrial societies assigned roles reflecting men/women physical abilities/characteristics based on size/strength MATRIARCHY: form of social organization in which **women** dominate men, very rarely happens PATRIARCHY: form of social organization in which **men** dominate women, almost everywhere - Where cultural, political, and economic structures are largely controlled by men - Sexism limits the talents and ambitions of women CONSEQUENCES OF PATRIARCHY ON MEN - Priviledge of being man comes with encouraging men to behave in high-risk behaviours (smoking/alcohol, sports, drive recklessly) - Drives men to recklessly seek control, not just from women but also from themselves and the world - Masculinity is linked to accidents, suicide, violence, stress-related diseases - As men seek more control they lose opportunities for intimacy and trust TYPE A PERSONALITY: chronic impatience, driving ambition, competitiveness, free-floating hostility, linked with heart disease PATRIARCHY GO ON?: in preindustrial societies women have little control over pregnancy, childbirth and limited control over the scope of their lives - Men have height and physical strength which are valuable resources that give them power But industrialization - Birth control technology increases peoples choices on how they live, biological differences offer little justification for patriarchy - Men are socially dominant and some claim there are biological wires that make men act more aggressive meaning patriarchy is inevitable and impossible to change - Believe the gender is socially constructed and **can** be changed and the fact that no society has completely eliminated patriarchy does not mean we have to remain in it. SEXISM: beliefs that one sex is superior to the other - Matter of individual attitudes and built into the institutions of society - INSTITUTIONAL SEXISM: found in the economy, women concentrated in low-paying jobs, violence against women is excused on boyfriends, husbands, fathers,  GENDER ROLE: attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex - Culture defines men as ambitious and competitive encourages them to seek positions of leadership and sports - Culture defines women as deferential and emotional and are expected to support and help and show feelings quickly GENDER AND THE FAMILY: first thing people ask a newborn is if it's a boy/girl which has importance the direction of a childs life - Parents host gender reveal parties which suggest that gender is a basic part of human identity - In lower income nations, gender is also expressed as their hope for the firstborn to be a boy rather than a girl - Parents send their children messages of gender through pink and blue worlds and how they handle their infants - Female world revolves around cooperation and emotion - Male world revolves around independence and action GENDER AND THE PEER GROUP: young children tend to form same-gender play groups once they reach age of school - Teach additional lessons about gender - Boy favour team sports with complex rules and objectives - that almost always have winners/losers which reinforce masculine traits of aggression and control - Girls also play team sports but they also play hopscotch, jump rope, talk, sing or dance which have few rules and rarely have a winner, - instead of teaching girls competition, girls group promote interpersonal skills (communication/cooperation) for their basic roles later in life - Boy reason according to abstract principles of rightness or playing by the rules - Girls reason through considering morality a matter of responsibility GENDER AND SCHOOLING: gender shapes interests and beliefs and guides areas of study and eventually career choices - The courses taken in high school reflect traditional gender patterns - Girls more likely to take classes involving language, dance, drama - Boys more likely to take classes in gym, computer science - Women are starting to make up men-dominated courses like math, chemistry, biology but men are still dominant in these fields - Men have 70% of all math, comp, and info science degrees - Men have 80% of architecture and engineering degrees - Women tend to favour health making up 79% of all degrees - 78% of women in education - Women have 58% in life sciences and technologies - Women earn 75-80% of all bachelors degrees, 70% of masters degrees, 60% of doctorate degree  GENDER AND MASS MEDIA: tv had public imagination of men being central until 1970\'s and then marginalized and BIPOC communities started speaking up and being seen more on tv - Even though men and women were on tv, men usually played smart detectives, explorers, surgeons whereas women were on tv to add sexual interest and less capable characters - Women are now in more prominent roles but earn far less than men - 2020 women earned \$254 million for the top 10 actors compared to top 10 men earning \$546 million - Ads shown women in the home, cheery, cleaning, serving food, using appliances, modelling clothes - Ads show men for cars, travel, banking, industrial companies, alcohol - Voiceovers for ads are almost always men - Men are shown to look taller implying their superiority whereas women are shown lying down or like children sitting on the floor - Men expressions/behaviours show competance and dominance - Women appear childlike, submissive, sexual - Men focus on the product being advertised and women focus on the men BEAUTY MYTH: cultural patterns add to the myth that is damaging 1. The foundational notion taught from early age is that women should measure their worth in their physical appearance and how physically attractive they are to men 2. Society teaches women to prize relationships with men who find them attractive This drives women to be extremely disciplined but also forces them to be highly attentive and responsive to men Beauty-minded women try to please men and avoid challenging men\'s power - Really damaging to women to be focused on their bodies and being thin - Is the idea that striving to be physically attractive to men in the key to a women\'s happiness - Damaging to men as they are repeatedly told that they should want to posses beautiful women and reduce women to objects rather than to human beings   11.3 GENDER AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: - Gender is more than how people think/act - About how society is organized and how experiences are shaped social hierarchy WORKING WOMEN AND MEN: our society continues to encourage men more than women to work for income 1901 13% of labour force was women while 87% were men 2021 47.2% of women were working while 52.7% were men - In labour force, women are more likely to do part-time and causal work=pays less and fewer benefits and made up 62.6% of all part-time workers - View than earning money was a man\'s job no longer true - Decline of farming, growth of cities, neoliberalism, shrinking family size, rising divorce rate contributed to change of this view - Women working for income in labour force is now the rule rather than exception GENDER AND OCCUPATIONS: differences in the work done by each gender still remains - More women work in sales and service work - 56% of women were employed in caring, clerical, catering, cashiering, cleaning - Pink collar jobs 9/10 workers are women are nurses, psychiatric nurses, early childhood educator and assistants, dietitians and nutritionists - Men dominate the skilled trades with over 95% of carpenters, welders, electricians, mechanics are men - Men make up 98% of automotive jobs, truck drivers, security guards, wholesale managers - Labour force still remains segregated at middle and low end of pay scale usually supervised by men with limited opportunity for advancement - While over a century women have progressed in closing the wage gap and gaining recognition in political and corporate worlds the \"gender-equity revolution\" is stalled - Women still only make 89 cents/every dollar made by men Women assist physicians who are men, women assistants serve executives who are men, women flight attendants are under command of pilots who are men - The greater the job\'s income and prestige, the more likely it is to be held by a man - By defining some jobs as \"men\'s work\" women are kept out of certain jobs - Men considered women working in industry to be \"incompetant truckers\", too masculine for driving or considered lesbians while those who looked \"too feminine\" were dismissed for being inferior - **Glass ceiling** GENDER AND UNEMPLOYMENT: rates for unemployment both rise/fall for man and women - Today, men have slightly higher level of joblessness which reflects the fact that men work heavily in manufacturing, which many factory jobs have moved abroad - There are also losses in admin support and service work being done mostly by women COVID: - Because women highly occupied service work, they were disproportionately affected by COVID then men were - Women accounted for 53.7% of employment losses and lost 60% more jobs than men GENDER, INCOME AND WEALTH: earning differences are greatest among older workers because older working women typically have less education and seniority than older working men - With younger workers, earning differences are smaller because younger men and women tend to have similar schooling and work experience - Gender gap also varies depending on jobs, lower in education jobs, higher in industrial, electrical and construction trades, in retail, wholesale, customer services gap is even higher - Main reason is the **type** of work being done especially in clerical and service jobs - Jobs and gender interact and unconscious attitudes are also at work - Some people view jobs with less clout as women\'s work and devalue certain work because it is done by a women - Society\'s view of family, both men and women have children but culture gives more responsibility of parenting to women, pregnancy keeps many women out of work while men are still able to go to work, but when they return they have less seniority and experience - Women who wanted to have children may be unable to take on fast-paced jobs that tie up their evenings and weekends - To avoid role conflict, they may take jobs with shorter commutes, more flexible hours and employee child-care benefits Type of work and family responsibilities account for 2/3 of earning differences between men and women 3rd factor=discrimination against women accounts for the remainder  COMPARABLE WORTH: instead of paying people according to historical double standard, pay people according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the job - Many nations have adopted this policy HOUSEWORK: women do significantly more housework than men do, and results in women having less leisure time than men which causes marital stress GENDER AND EDUCATION: post-sec used to be a privilege reserved for men and only those from wealthy families - Based on the educational gains women have made, some suggest that education is the one social institution where women dominate rather then men - Educational strides have allowed women to close some of the wage gap, but glass ceilings and sexist attitudes towards women generally prevent them from earning greater incomes than men ARE WOMEN A MINORITY: even though women outnumber men in society, society still seems to support the conclusion that women are a minority in canada - At every class level women have less income, wealth, education, and power then men and to an extent women are dependent on men for social standing   MINORITY: any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates. GENDER AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION: gender helps integrate society in its traditional form - Forms complementary sets of roles that links women and men into family units that gives each gender responsibility for carrying out important tasks GENDER AND REALITY CONSTRUCTION: gender shapes the reality we experience and also suggest that wo GENDER AND CLASS INEQUALITY STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL: - Pre-industrial societies, distinctive roles for men and women reflect biological differences between the sexes - Industrial societies, marked gender inequality becomes dysfunctional and gradually decreases - Talcott parsons described gender differences in terms of complementary roles that promote the social integration of families and society as a whole SYMBOLIC INTERACTION: - Individuals use gender as one element of their personal performances as they socially construct reality through everyday interactions - Gender plays a part in shaping almost all our everyday experiences - Because society defines men having more value than women, the gender roles that define how women and men should behave place men in control of social situations, women play a more differential role SOCIAL CONFLICT: - Gender is an important dimension of social inequality and social conflict - Gender inequality benefits men and disadvantages women - Engles tied gender stra to rise of private property and class hierarchy - Marriage and family were developed as strats by which men were able to maintain their property by controlling the sexuality of women - Capitalism exploits everyone by paying men low wages and assigning women the task of maintaining the home.   INTERSECTION THEORY: analysis of the interplay of race, class and gender which often results in multiple dimensions of disadvantage FEMINISM: support of social equality for men and women, opposed to patriarchy, began in 1840s Learning objectives: Explain the social construction of race and ethnicity Describe the extent and causes of prejudice Distinguish discrimination from prejudice Id examples of pluralism, assimilation, segregation and genocide Access the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of Canadian society Apply political analysis to the issue of racial and ethnic inequality   RACE: socially constructed category of people who **share biologically transmitted traits** that members of a society consider important **CONSTRUCTED FROM BIOLOGICAL TRAITS** - Via physical traits (skin colour, facial features, hair, body shape) - From ancestry, climate and migration patterns over generations around the world - Humans differ in many ways physically but race also comes from certain people deciding the certain physical traits actually *matter* - Its a highly variable concept - Rather than seeing race with our eyes, we learn what to think about race from our society - Defined differently in diff countries and by diff categories of people in a population - Meanings of race change over time   RACIAL TYPES: were useful when race was first established but now are incredibly harmful and racist, race is real is sociology but its not based on genes - Categories allow societies to rank people in a hierarchy in order to give money, power, privilege to certain people and allow some people to feel that they are inherently better than others. A TREND TOWARDS MIXTURE: many different races have being intermingled and share some ancestry with other races ETHNICITY: is a **shared cultural heritage** and how people define themselves and others as part of an **ethnic category** based on common ancestry, language or religion that gives them a distinct social identity **CONSTRUCTED FROM CULTURAL TRAITS** - Is socially constructed and an important for the extend that people define - Can change over time - Identities can be lost to go from racial qualities to ethnic qualities and vice versa - Identities can be redefined from racial to ethnic ones and vice versa - People can play up or down their cultural traits depending on if they want to fit in/stand out from their society MINORITIES: any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates - Can be based on gender, race, ethnicity, class, or a combo of these 1. Have distinctive identity based on physical or cultural traits 2. Experience subordination: lower income, lower prestige, face discrimination which reinforce social stratification VISIBLE MINORITY: describes people other than Indigenous peoples who are not white in race or colour PREJUDICE: is a **rigid** and **unfair generalization** about **an entire category of people** **THE ATTITUDES** - Unfair because it treats everyone in the same category as the same without any or little evidence. - Can target certain social classes, sex, orientation, identity, age, political, disability, race, ethnicity - They are prejudgments that can be positive or negative POSITIVE PREJUDICES: tend to **exaggerate** the virtues of people who are similar NEGATIVE PREJUDICES: tend to **condemn** those who are different (dislike or hostility - Rooted in culture - Form of stereotype MEASURING PREJUDICE: is social distance: how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category - Express greater social distance by saying that a certain category of people should be barred from the country entirely - Express the least social distance by saying they would accept members of certain category into their family through marriage - People feel more social distance from other categories than others - More social distance to hispanics, blacks, asians, turks - Less social distance to north and western europe, english, scottish and canadians   RACISM AND CRITICAL RACE THEORY RACISM: belief that **one racial category** is **innately superior/inferior** to another - Racism is a generally modern European invention (no real evidence was found in other cultures of europe before the middle ages) - Belief that categories of racism emerged during the european renaissance and only in the 19th century that racism emerged as a way of thinking about people - Is a matter of individual attitudes - Racial differences in mental abilities results from environment rather than biology SYSTEMIC RACISM: shapes the operation of institutions   CRITICAL RACE THEORY: - Racism at the heart of critical race theory - Maintains that racism is still happening today - Claims that \"the system\" is racist even though many and most are not - Equality before the law SCAPEGOAT THEORY: hold that prejudice springs from **frustration among people are** are disadvantaged themselves - A way of expressing anger to make oneself feel superior to someone else SCAPEGOAT: a person or category of people, usually with very little power that people unfairly blaime for their own troubles- minorities AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY THEORY: extreme prejudice is a personality trait, that people who show strong prejudice against a minority are usually intolerant of all minorities - Rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as a matter of right and wrong - View society as naturally competitive and hierarchical, with better people( themselves) inevitable dominating those who are weaker (minorities) - More likely to be those raised with little schooling, cold parents, filled with anger, anxiety and grow to be hostile and aggressive   - People who express acceptance of a minority are likely to accept all of them. - Tend to be more flexible in their moral judgements and treat all people as equal CULTURE THEORY: that although extreme prejudice may be found in some people, some prejudice is found in everyone - That prejudice is part of culture everywhere - Minorities express the same attitudes as white people towards categories other than their own - Patterns suggest that individuals have prejudices because we live in a \"culture of prejudice\" that has taught us to view certain categories of people better/worse than others   CONFLICT THEORY: that prejudice is used as a tool by powerful people not only to justify privilege for themselves but also to oppress others - Society is based on white privilege where white people constantly received unearned advantages at the cost of racial minorities which inclines white people towards racism.   DISCRIMINATION: unequal treatment of categories of people, positive/negative and subtle to extreme **THE ACTIONS** INSTITUTIONAL PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION: bias built into the operation of societies institutions, (schools, hospitals, police, work) - Major concern about police violence and prejudice and discriminations against racial minorities - People are slower to condemn or recognize institutional prejudice and discrimination because it usually involves respected officials and established traditions PLURALISM: a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing **ENCOURAGES CULTURAL DISTINCTIVENESS WITHOUT DISADVANTAGE** - People who differ in appearance or heritage all share resources roughly equally - All people have equal standing under the law CANADA NOT FULLY PLURALISTIC 1. Most people value their cultural heritage, few want to live exclusively with others exactly like themselves 2. Tolerance of social diversity only goes so far 3. People of various colours and cultures do not have equal social standing  ASSIMILATION: the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of dominant culture - Changing clothes, values, religions, language, friends - Degree of assimilation varies by category - Involves changes in ethnicity but not in race MISCEGENATION: biological reproduction by partner of different racial categories SEGREGATION: is the physical and social separation of categories of people **ENFORCES SEPERATIONS THAT HARMS A MINORITY** - Majority pops usually segregate minorities by excluding them GENOCIDE: the systematic killing of one category of people by another - **VIOLATES NEARLY EVERY RECOGNIZED MORAL STANDARD**  There is little disagreement that canada is stratified and most inequality is linked to race and ethnicity CONSERVATIVES: tend to be **more accepting** of social inequality - See inequality as resulting from inevitable differences between individuals - Support the idea that society should provide equality of opportunity (opposing barriers, ranging from discrimination quota systems and mandata certain outcomes for categories of people - But also should never expect equality of outcomes - Primary responsibilities for outcomes in peoples lives should always lie in the hands of individuals PROGRESSIVES: tend to be **more critical** of social inequality - See less difference in aspirations and goals of various categories of people and more difference in how categories are perceived and treated by society at large   Relations between ethnic and racial groups are largely unequal Ethnic stratification: hierarchy of inequality where some are dominant and hold power over others -extremely critical determinate about who gets what -ethnic relations are about ethnic inequality Minority and majority groups: UNEQUAL POWER not about numeric differences -where the group is on the stratification system -minority-lower down on the system- less power -majority-higher up on the system- more power Power is integral in stratification systems ETHNICITY: difficult for social definition -4 main components -sharing of unique cultural traits (traditions, clothing) -sense of community -typically one has membership in ethnic group from birth -some sense of distinctiveness (us and them/boundary) **A collection of people who as a result of shared cultural traits and level of interaction, regard themselves and are regarded as a cultural unit** -historically dominant group is Canadians in Canada -majority group usually isn\'t considered ethnic group -all belong to ethnic group but some are considered minority/majority depending on ethnic stratification **As a society we largely link ethnic groups and ethnicity towards cultural traits that are shared amongst members** RACE: more with biology + physical traits, concept is very pervasive and big part of taken-for granted world (thoughts/actions etc) Race Is relative and hard to pinpoint and differs between culture -not a biological phenomena **The social construction of a category of difference between pops of people** **-perceived biological race of someone is important factor for establishing social identify and strongly influences social interactions** -tend to perceive based on obvious, recognizable, biological and physical differences and are concrete evidence of existence of difference races (automatically conditioned to respond to present of certain varying physical features to take them as indicators of race and differences) **these shared views of race are perpetuated in the daily use of the concept and are often presented with kinds of stereotypes that come to share (explicit and implicit throughout culture that force perceptions)** **-**biological race is part of some natural biological order but sociology -**treats race as a sociocultural phenomena separate from any biophysical variations among humans** **-**not about denying fact of physical variations but focused on fact as concept of race in society is the result of arbitrary value system that is imposed on the facts of biological species.   Most reject idea of biological race arguing that it is not useful biological or social analysis- shift from biological analysis in western belief systems- shift away from that understanding came from the way race was used by the Nazis in WW2. -unesco urged there needed to be a definition for race -concluded humans all had one origin and races were distinguished by groups only -possible to classify humans by dominant characteristics but even this classification had to have a recognition that the categories couldn\'t be clearly defined (not clear-cut) KEY PROBLEMS WITH DEFINING RACE WITH PHYSICAL CRITERIA: 1. Problem justifying why certain traits were indicative of certain race difference but others weren\'t People think race of being skin colour etc. but they argued that the choice of these criteria were arbitrary and couldn\'t be empirically justified (irrational)   1. Physical traits (skin colour) cant be simply classified, couldn\'t be in discrete categories, some have diff colour in same races. Really hard to make exact, physical features don't always go hand in hand with each other **Taken for granted ways that were designed for identifying races were arbitrary and not clear cut became apparently that the culturally accepted categories of races were never made up of people with the exact same traits (lots of variations between everyone)** **-deciding where everyone belongs based on physical traits is arbitrary** **-**when we categorize people based on physical traits we are using them as a basis for a bunch of other assumptions of cultural characteristics (religion, music, social behaviours) based on physical appearances ( learned socially)   -unesco studies its been found there is no correlation between physical appearances of groups of people and their social behaviours -there was no thing as distinct races- rather races represented an infinite range of variations of peoples -idea that race could be used to justified treatment of people was rejected -explanations for why such differences were understood were left to social sciences- race was a social creation   -**social analysis of race points to different questions and answers than biological analysis would**   **-fact that in society physical diversity is used as a mean of categorizing and separating people into groups that are then subjected to different kinds of social and economic treatment** **(power, strat, inequality)**   -race still continues to form the basic of stratification and inequality even though discredited as a bio concept but soc definition is still very real concept with real implications -can have valuable and important functions (identity and formation) -social consequences of race   RACISM: organized set of beliefs about perceived inferiority of a group based on race and can combine with power to transform practices to deny or exclude equality of treatment -racism is ultimately about power and domination -looking at racism you will also find to be talking about 1. Discrimination in relation to racism (applies to other social categories not just race) -overt discrimination- specific acts of discrimination directed at specific people by specific people (anything from bullying to hate violence towards a group) -tends to operate at interpersonal level (usually illegal) Systemic discrimination/institutionalized- usually not visible/not obvious -no overtly perpetrators but those in minorities groups tend to be systemically excluded from moving forward (constant limitations and barriers in life opportunities) (policies etc. that are systemically biased towards groups of people) -repetitive actions that place minority groups at a disadvantage -race is integrated into structures of power 1. Prejudice: favourable/unfavourable feeling/opinion without knowledge, reason, thought that prevents objective consideration about a group (preconceived notion) -hard to know when prejudice (usually denied) -hard to study One approach to studying prejudice **Emory Bogardus- social distance scale- to measure what groups were more/less prejudiced at certain times** **-to measure levels of prejudice** -thought that a good way of telling how prejudice someone was towards a certain group was to look at how close they were willing to get to that certain group (social distance-extent of willingly interacting with groups other than their own) -scale for respondents to answer yes/no to questions or statements to know which groups are more likely to be prejudiced towards certain groups at certain times + measure of how much prejudice is against certain groups WHAT DO SOCIOLOGY + RELIGION HAVE TO DO WITH ONE ANOTHER?: - Explore issues relating to social aspects of religious claims - About who becomes involved in religious groups + commitments - Looks at the consequences of religious beliefs - Doesn\'t determine the essence of religion - Can uncover the behaviours in relation to religion SOCIOLOGY: is a social science - Work at understanding social reality - empirical RELIGION: is based on faith - Look at that the world through the senses is part of a bigger reality RELIGIOSITY: the importance of religion in a person\'s life - Varies by gender and age - Varies among denominations SECULARIZATION: the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred PROFANE: \"outside the temple\" included as an ordinary part of everyday life  SCARED: set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence - Embodied in rituals   Setting the sacred apart from the profance is the essence of all religious beliefs   RELIGION: a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred Is a matter of.. FAITH: belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence Durkheim explained: - people understand profance things in terms of their everyday usefulness - What is sacred we reverently set apart from daily life giving it a forbidden or holy aura   SFUNCTIONAL THEORY: society has a life and power of its own beyond the life of any individual - Society is godlike, shaping the lives of its members and living on beyond them - Practicing religion people everywhere celebrate the power of their society - Religion is social constructed via various rituals and sharpen the distinctions between sacred and profane TOTEM: an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred - Becomes centerpiece of ritual and symbolized power of collective life over the individual 3 major functions of religion 1. Establishing social cohesion: religion unites people through shared symbolism, values and norms a. Establish rules of play and organize social life 2. Provide social control: society uses religious ideas to promote conformity a. Many religions encourage people to obey cultural norms b. Can be used to back up political power system 3. Provide meaning and purpose: religious beliefs offer comforting sense that lives serve a greater purpose a. Strengthened by beliefs, people are less likely to fall into disrepair in the face of change or tragedy SCONFLICT THEORY: highlights religions support of social inequality - Religion serves elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting peoples attention from social inequalities - Helps slavery, fascism and colonialism FEM THEORY: explains that religion and social inequality are also linked through gender - Almost all religions are patriarchal   WEBER: believed certain religions ideas set a wave of change that brought industrialization of western europe - The spirit that animated industrial capitalism was a \"disenchanted\" religion, further showing the power of religion to change the shape of society KARL MARX: CLASS CONFLICT, FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS + RELIGION: - Religion as a social creation - A means of perpetuating class oppressions - At the time of urban based capitalism 1. Human creation/social creation= religious system was created by humans 2. Socially created religion played a role in keeping the working class exploited and oppressed a. Believed that religion prevents people from relieving their own realities (oppression) b. Kept people focused on a higher power (blinded from inequalities) c. Religion got in the way of people developing class consciousness and pacified them EMILE DURKHEIM: COLLECTIVITY, SOCIAL COHESION, + RELIGION: - Religion as a social creation was a positive function - Believed religion had a positive role - Religion grew out of social life + reinforce cohesion + social solidarity + bond sacred behaviours - Religion was important to bringing social together - Group consciousness was a collective consciousness - People share common ideas/beliefs is what forms group consciousness - About the same beliefs at the same time - Notions of the sacred and social unity through group experience (sacred objects + rituals) - Was how to keep modern society stable and order, and functioning 1. Social construction was the heart of religion a. About people with common beliefs coming together b. Shared beliefs was significant social experience by how people come to share common ideas/beliefs 2. Addition to shared beliefs individuals come to feeling of a present of higher power 3. Once people experience higher reality they want to feel it again (designate objects as sacred) 4. People construct rituals around objects to provide guidelines about behaviours MAX WEBER: POWER OF RELIGION IN SHAPING CAPITALISM: - Protestant ethic + the spirit of capitalism - Asked Why did capitalism only emerge in the west? - Protestants/Calvinists was the religious ethic suited to early capitalism - Their beliefs were essential for establishing capitalism through their daily activities - They became a capitalist class only because of religion - Saw religion as something that led to capitalism - Religion brought on the definition of capitalism (economic order) - Studied new society drawn to question of capitalism emergence in the west - Asked what was it to do with religion, values, beliefs of a group gave them the capacity to develop capitalism 1. Believed other religions were not compatible with calvanist way of thinking 2. Practices + beliefs were suited for capitalism and religion gave them morals for their actions a. Helped them justify their exploitive treatment of poor people b. Fueled them to start capitalism   WEBERS SOCIAL ORDER OF CAPITALISM: - Early capitalism class noticed it was all from religion predomination (calvanists/purists) - Trade in europe religion grew to catholic, the new capitalist protestant group was calvanists CALVANISTS: 1. Really strong and particular beliefs a. Disciplined, hard working, frugal b. Defend gratification c. Work as a means to serve god 2. Believed their god was all knowing + knew peoples fates in advance a. Predestination b. Looked in life for signs about next life 3. Success economically- hard work a. Was seen as a sign of gods grace b. Believed poverty was a sign of damnation PREDESTINATION: an all-knowing, all powerful god has selected some people for salvation while condemning most to eternal damnation - Each persons fate is sealed before birth and known only to god is either eternal glory or endless hellfire CALVINISM: a movement within protestant reformation - Understandably looked for evidence of God\'s favour in this world - Came to see prosperity as a sign of divine blessing - Religious conviction and devotion to duty led calvinists to work hard - Many amassed lots of wealth - But money was not for selfish spending or sharing with the poor - Believed as agents of Gods work, that they could best fulfill their \"calling\" by reinvesting profits and achieving even greater success by doing so - Practiced self-denial and lived thrifty lives - Laid the groundwork for industrial capitalism LIBERATION THEOLOGY: the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist - Social movement started in the 1960s - Christian activists continue to help the poor - Gained strength in the poorer countries of Latin America SOCIOLOGISTS CATEGORIZE THE HUNDRED  DEVIANCE: is the recognized violation of cultural norms - All actions (positive/negative) have in common is some element of [difference] that causes us to think another person is an \"outsider\" - Non-conformity + negative social reaction + social control (punish/prevent) - Public efforts to punish the behaviours/person who was deviant against norms DEVIANCE IS RELATIVE: there are no absolutes - Ideas of deviant/nondeviant vary - Varies in relation to time and social context - Deviant behaviours vary depending on varying norms DEVIANCE IS RELATIVE ACROSS TIME: what is acceptable changes over time DEVIANCE IS RELATIVE IN SOCIAL CONTEXT: deviance varies in context of how behaviour is done - Something could acceptable/unacceptable in diff societies - Defs in deviance vary across societies - Defs vary across groups in societies - Diff subgroups have diff norms - Nothing is inherently deviant but its about the actions time and context CRIME: the violation of a society\'s formally enacted criminal law - Doesn't just mean breaking rules - Not all rule breaking is considered bad - Diff types of deviance depend on the degree of public agreement about the wrongfulness RULE BREAKING: not all bad - Degree of wrongfulness CONSENSUS CRIME: criminal acts - Certain rules have special status in society - Higher degree of public consensus about acts wrongfulness - Murder, robbery CONFLICT CRIMES : victimless crimes - Involves laws that impose moral standards on society - Not everyone agrees on their crimefulness SOCIAL DEVIATIONS FROM NORMS: behaviour/conditions not part of criminal code - Violated something meaningful but not as serious - Breaking social norms NORMS: people are socialized by internalizing norms and conforming to them - If society didn\'t have norms it wouldn\'t be able to exist - Conformity and non-conformity SOCIAL CONTROL: attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behaviour - Usually is an informal process - Strategies and techniques to prevent future deviant behaviours INFORMAL CONTROL: micro lvl - People using strats/techs to try and enforce control - Interactions with individuals - Looks, avoidance, ridicule to enforce appropriate behaviours FORMAL CONTROL: - External control once people are ID as deviant by state - Institution, CJS, employers, doctors, teachers etc. - Controlling behaviour through authority and punishment CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: the organizations (police, courts, prisons) that respond to alleged violations of the laws   How a society defines as deviant Who is labelled as deviant And what people decide to do about deviance ALL HAVE TO DO WITH THE WAY SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED  BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT: over a century ago most people assumed that human behaviour was result of biological instincts - Cesare Lombroso believed that people who end up in prison have specific characteristics that make them look more \"apelike\" - Low foreheads, big jaws and cheekbones, big ears, hairy, long arms - But now we know that there are no such thing as physical traits that distinguish criminals from non-criminals - William Sheldon suggested that general body structure could predict criminality - Cross-checked hundreds of young men for body type and criminal history - Concluded that criminality was likely in young boys with muscular athletic bodies - Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck: confirmed his conclusion but cautioned that a certain body build does not necessarily cause or predict criminality. - Parents of large, powerfully built sons tend to be more distant, which the sons grow up being less sensitive and society pressures make them behave more aggressively  NON-SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: - Biological (cesare lombroso body trait theory) - Personality - Characteristics  SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE: about decisions being tied to social norms - Causes outside of the individual PERSONALITY FACTORS: focus on abnormality in individuals personalities - Most psychs believe that personality is shaped by social experience - Deviance is viewed as a **result of unsuccessful socialization** - Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz*: CONTAINMENT THEORY* asked teachers to categorize 12 yrs boys as likely or unlikely to get into trouble with the law - They then interviewed both boys and their mothers to assess each boy\'s self concept and how he related to otheres - They found that \"good boys\" displayed strong conscience, could handle frustration and identified with conventional cultural norms - Had fewer troubles with the law - \"bad boys\" had a weaker conscience, lacked patience and control over frustration and felt out of line with conventional norms - Lived in more deviant areas SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVIANCE: deviance is shaped by society 1. DEVIANCE VARIES ACCORDING TO CULTURAL NORMS: actions only become deviant in relation to certain norms - Since norms vary around societies deviance also varies   1. PEOPLE BECOME DEVIANT AS OTHERS DEFINE THEM THAT WAY: how behaviours are defined and define us depends on how others perceive, define and respond to such behaviours 2. HOW SOCIEITIES SET NORMS AND DEFINE RULE BREAKING INVOLVE SOCIAL POWER: powerful people protect their interests - Norms and how we apply them reflect social inequality FUNCTIONALIST THEORIES: - Deviant group + found in every society - Deviance is normal b/c its found in every society - If its prevent in every society it must function for some reason - is that deviance is a necessary part of social organization - Durkheim claimed that there was nothing weird about deviance and that it performs vital functions - Is a necessary condition of good social living - Deviance can be found in every society but the **kind** of deviance people make depends on the moral issues that they seek to clarify 1. RESPONDING TO DEVIANCE CLARIFIES MORAL BOUNDARIES: a. They regulate boundaries b. Important that members know what they can/cant do + consequences c. Regulates behaviours d. To deter people from committing acts of deviance/crime 1. DEVIANCE CONFIRMS CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES: people prefer some attitudes and behaviours over others - With any definition of a virtue there is an opposing vice - Deviance is needed to define and support morality - Affirms cultural values and norms (morality) - defining some people as deviant allows people to place a boundary between right and wrong - Defs of crim and deviance help affirm morals, norms and values - Help understand good/bad - Defs of good/bad are relative to one another   1. RESPONDING TO DEVIANCE BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER: people usually react to serious deviance with shared outrage - By doing this it reaffirms the moral ties that bind them - People react to crime in collective way - Helps bond and sense of belonging - Parts of group rules by recognizing group rules - Collective expression of outrage - Reminds of common values 1. DEVIANCE ENCOURAGES SOCIAL CHANGE: deviant people push a society\'s moral boundaries giving alternatives to status quo - Todays deviance can become tomorrow morality - Promotes positive change - Societies need to allow them to be flexible - Deviance challenges a society about whether rules need to be changed - Break down social order, positive consequences some groups SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIES: outside of individual - Societies conflict with opposing interests of power - Those with most power=most likely to have their morals be fully entrenched - Act of belief of dominant groups interests - Believe norms/laws reflect unequal distribution of power - Who is in power + treatment of society by CJS DEVIANCE + CRIME REFLECT SOCIAL INEQUALITIES: protection of property is key in CJS - The system favours the most powerful - Even if called into question, they have \$\$\$ to go unpunished SYMBOLIC INTERACTION THEORIES: deviance is made by social reactions - Societies boundaries create deviant behaviours - People being defined at deviant/criminal - Focuses on the process of someone being defined as deviant ROBERT MERTON: argued that society can be set up in a way that encourages too much deviance MERTONS STRAIN THEORY: the extent and type of deviance people engage in depend on whether a society provides the **means** (schooling, jobs) to achieve cultural **goals** (financial success) - The strain between out culture\'s emphasis on wealth and lack of opportunities to get rich may encourage some people (poor) to steal, drug deal, other street crimes   INNOVATION: using unconventional means (street crime) rather than conventional means (hard work + job) to achieve a culturally approved goal (wealth)   RITUALISM: inability to reach a cultural goal: many people may not care about being rich but stick to the rules (conventional means) anyway so that they at least feel respectable   RETREATISM: rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means so that a person drops out - They lie in their unconventional lifestyle and have a willingness to live that way   REBELLION: reject both cultural definition of success and conventional means of achieving but go about by forming a counterculture supporting alternatives to the existing social order     DEVIANT SUBCULTURES: Cloward and Ohlin: proposed on top of Mertons theory that crime results not just from limited legal opportunity but also from access to lots of illegal opportunity - Deviance/conformity rises from the *relative opportunity structure* that frames a person\'s life   CONFLICT SUBCULTURES: Like armed street gangs that engage in violence out of frustration and a desire for respect   RETREATIST SUBCULTURES: deviants drop out and misuse alcohol and other drugs   ALBERT COHEN: suggests that delinquency is most common in lower-class youths because they have less opportunity to achieve conventional success - Since they are neglected by society, they seek self respect by creating a subcultures that defines the traits teens already have as worthy WALTER MILLER: that delinquent subcultures are categorized by 1. TROUBLE: frequent conflict with teachers and police 2. TOUGHNESS: the value places on physical size and strength 3. SMARTNESS: the ability to succeed on the streets and outsmart others, to avoid being similarly taken advantage of 4. NEED FOR EXCITEMENT: the search for thrills or danger 5. BELIEF IN FATE: sense that people lack control over their own lives 6. DESIRE FOR FREEDOM: often expressed as anger toward authority figures   ELIJAH ANDERSON: explains that poor urban neighborhoods have people that manage to conform to conventional or decent values - But neighborhoods faced with crime and violence, indifference or police hostility, parental neglect people decide to live by \"street code\". - To show they can survive young people may display a willingness to stand up to an threat and they believe that following the street and dying from street violence in better than being dissed by others SYMBOLIC INTERACTION ANALYSIS: explains how people define deviance in everyday situations and defines deviance and conformity as being flexible   LABELLING THEORY: the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do but more from how others respond to those actions. - Once you have an act, social reaction involves labelling the person in some way - Deviance is relative and that the reactions of others is central - Focuses on the reactors and why certain people are viewed as deviant and others arent - Primary produces secondary deviance according to how the person is labeled - Labels become part of the self-concept of the person assigned to the label - Authorities=deviant stigma action - Recognition that some groups have power to define others - Sometimes 1st deviance is ignored sometimes its not and becomes 2nd deviance   PRIMARY DEVIANCE: observed that some norm violations provoke slight reactions from others =have little effect on a person\'s self-concept SECONDARY DEVIANCE: After a behaviour has been defined as primary deviance, a person may begin to change, taking on a deviant identity by talking, acting or dressing in a different way. - Rejecting people who are critical and repeatedly breaking the rules ERVING GOFFMAN: stigma STIGMA: key part of social control - a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person\'s self-concept and social identity - Operates as a master status by overpowering other aspects of social identity so that a person is discredited in the minds of others and becomes visually socially isolated - Gained usually informally as society starts seeing a persons in deviant terms - About the labels that devalue people and members of certain groups - Looks, behaviours etc become part of a persons identity - Sometimes an entire society can formally stigmatize a person   RETROSPECTIVE LABELLING: interpreting someone\'s past in light of some present deviance - Distorts a person\'s biography by being highly selective and usually deepens a deviant identity   PROJECTIVE LABELLING: using a person\'s deviant identity to predict future actions - The more people in someone\'s social world things about them doing these actions, the more the definitions affect the person\'s self-concept - Increases the chance of it becoming true   THOMAS SZASZ: says that people are too quick to apply the label of mental illness to conditions that different and that we do not like - He says that the only way to avoid this is to abandon the idea of mental illnesses completely - The world is full of people who many irritate us but these differences are no grounds for defining someone as mentally ill - This instead, enforces conformity to the standards of people powerful enough to impose them on the will of others THE MEDICALIZATION OF DEVIANCE: the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition - is about swapping out one set of labels for anothers - We evaluate people and their behaviours as bad or good - But scientific objectivity of medicine doesn\'t have moral judgment, but only have clinical diagnosies like sick or healthy THE DIFFERENCE LABELS MAKE: 1. It affects **who** responds to deviance: - an offence against common morality usually brings a reaction from community members or police - But a medical label places the deviance under the control of specialists, counsellors, psychiatrists and physicans   1. **How** people respond to deviance: - moral approach defines deviants as offenders subject to punishment - Punishment is designed to fit the crime - Medically, they are patients who need treatment not punishment - Treatments are designed for the patient to prevent future deviance   1. The two labels differ on the personal competence of the deviant person: - Morally, whether right or wrong, we take responsibility for our own behaviour - When we are labelled sick we are seen as unable to control our actions - Subject to treatment often against their will DEVIANCE AND POWER ALEXANDER LIAZOS: states that the people who are defined as deviants are not as much bad more that they are powerless   SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY EXPLAINS THIS IN 3 WAYS 1. All norms, especially laws generally reflect the interests of the rich and powerful - People who threaten the wealthy are likely to be labelled as deviant for either taking their property or advocating for a diff type of society - MARX: argued that within capitalist society laws reflect the interests of the capitalist class: those who own the means of production 1. Even if behaviour is called into question, the powerful have the resources to resist deviant labels: 2. The widespread belief that norms and laws are natural and good masks their political character - Although we may condemn the unequal application of the law, we give little thought to whether the laws themselves are actually fair or not   DEVIANCE AND CAPITALISM: STEVEN SPITZER: argues that deviant labels are applied to people who interfere with the operation of capitalism 1. Capitalism is based on private control of property: people who threaten the property of others are prime candidates for being labelled as deviant - Rich people who are likely to take advantage of poor people are less likely to be labelled deviant   1. Because capitalism depends on productive labour, people who cant/wont work risked being labelled as deviant - Many people In society think people are out of work, even if its not their fault, are somehow deviant   1. Capitalism depends on the respect for authority figures causing those who resist authority to be labelled as deviant 2. Anyone who directly challenges the capitalist norm is likely to be defined as deviant   Society positively labels whoever and whatever supports the operation of capitalism - Tries to control people who are not economically productive (elderly, mentally ill etcs) - These people are subject to control by social welfare agencies - But people who openly challenge the capitalist system, are controlled by the criminal justice system   Both social welfare and criminal justice system blame individuals, not the system for social problems   WHITE COLLAR CRIME: crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations - Use their powerful offices to illegally enrich themselves and others - Causing significant public harm in the process - Rarely do the white collar crimes result in police activity - Bank embezzlement, insider trading, business fraud, money laundering, bribery etc. - Crimes typically end up in a civil hearing rather than a criminal courtroom   CIVIL LAW: regulates business dealings between private parties   CRIMINAL LAW: defines an individual\'s moral responsibilities to society   CORPORATE CRIME: the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf - Knowingly selling faulty or dangerous products, falsifying financial records, bribing officials, purposefully polluting etc. - Usually takes place in private offices with less witnesses which makes them difficult to detect and charge   FINANCIAL CRIME: the recent collapse of several corporations linked to criminal conduct on the part of company officials, resulting in job and pension losses for 10000 of people - Stock market fraud, dishonest accounting   SAFETY CRIMES: resulting in injury or death of workers or in the sale of unsafe goods   ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES: occur when corporations violate environmental laws and engage in environmentally destructive behaviour   ORGANIZED CRIME: a business supplying illegal goods or services - Sometimes force people to do business with them (gangs) - Sex, drugs, gambling - Sex trafficking, credit card fraud, sell fake ID to illegal immigrants   CRITICAL RACE THEORY: HATE CRIMES: what people consider deviant reflects the relative power and privilege of different categories of people   HATE CRIME: a criminal act against a person or a person\'s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias - Expressed in hostility towards someones race, religion, ethnicity, ancestry, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression   FEMINIST THEORY: almost every society places more strict controls on women than on men, and womens opportunities in work, politics, athletics, military are more limited than men\'s   According to labelling theory, gender influences how we define deviance because people commonly use different standards to judge behaviour of men and women - Since society puts men in positions of power over men, men often escape direct responsibility for victimizing women - Men who sexually abused or harassed women were only considered mildly deviant and usually escape punishment completely - Women who are victimized often have to convince others that they are not to blame for their own harassment or assault - Whether people define a situation as deviance and who the deviant is, depends on the gender of both the audience and the actors  SOCIAL CHANGE: the transformation of culture and social institutions over time - Relatively positive but also exploit, racism, discrimination etc. - Both good/bad social structures are durable but not permanent - Is a certainty - Can be fast and rapid - Slow/incremental - Can be major/minor   1. SOCIAL CHANGE HAPPENS ALL THE TIME 2. SOCIAL CHANGE IS SOMETIMES INTENTIONAL BUT OFTEN UNPLANNED 3. SOCIAL CHANGE IS CONTROVERSIAL a. Social change may bring both good and bad consequences 4. SOME CHANGES MATTER MORE THAN OTHERS a. Some changes have passing significancen   1. INVENTION: produces new objects, ideas, social patterns 2. DISCOVERY: when ppl take notice of existing elements of the world 3. DIFFUSION: creates change as products, people and info spread from on society to another   STRUCTURE/AGENCY: - Human conscious actions/activity - People struggle to change structures to alter them   MATERIAL THINGS CHANGE MORE QUICKLY THAN CULTURAL IDEAS   CONFLICT + CHANGE: inequality and conflict within society also produce change - Marx saw class conflict as the engine that drives societies from one era to another - The struggle between capitalists and workers pushes society toward socialist system of production IDEAS AND CHANGE: weber agreed that conflict could bring about social change, he traced roots of most social change to ideas - Highlighted importance of ideas by revealing how religious beliefs of early protestants set the stage for the spread of industrial capitalism - Industrial capitalism developed primarily in areas of western europe where protestant work ethic was strong - Ideas also direct social movements - Social change occurs when people join together in the pursuit of a common goal   DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE: population patterns also play a part in social change   COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR: activity involving a large number of people that is unplanned often controversial and can bring about change - Differ from social groups because people may be involved without most having any direct interaction with others - The heart of social change - Leads to maintain/change institutions/structures - Core of group behaviour - Can take various forms CROWDS: a temporary gathering of people who share a common focus of attention and who influence one another - Have the power to bring change - Collection of people in same time, same place for a same reason - Political demonstrations/rallies, network computer based and tech. - Can be temporarily uplifting - Can be dangerous - Can turn into riots MOBS: highly emotional crowd that pursues a violent or destructive goal   RIOTS: a social eruption that is highly emotional, violent, undirected - An expression of deep dissatisfaction on the part of people frustrated with the way society is operating - Riot in response to what they see an a social injustice - Usuall - y no clear goal except to express dissatisfaction - Accomplishes power   RUMOUR: unconfirmed info that people spread informally by word of worth or by using electronic devices - Thrive in uncertain areas when people care about some issue but are not sure of the facts - Changes are they spread - Difficult to stop - Can trigger crowds   PANIC: fearful arousal/collective flight based on generalized possibly inaccurate belief - Reaction is self-destructive   CRAZES: exciting mass involvement over lasting long period of time   GOSSIP: rumour about people\'s personal affairs - Involves small circle of interested people who know a certain person - Tends to be localized - Means of social control to praise or blame to encourage people to conform to social norms - To raise their own standing by putting other people down   PUBLIC OPINION: widespread attitudes about controversial issues - Expression of attitudes of mass public - What people think, attitudes, behaviour   PUBLICS: dispersed group of people not exactly in contact who share interest in something   PROPAGANDA: info presented with intention of shaping public opinion - To sway people toward our own POV - About deciding which facts to present \"to spin\" - Leaving out some relevant info and uses elements of deception FASHION: social patterns favoured by a large number of people - Reflect basic cultural values - Constantly change standards of society - Mass involvement and acceptance - Thinking and behaviour and is longer-lasting   FADS AND FASHIONS: sudden movement towards acceptance of items/things - Revolves around consumption - Part of capitalist cycle   FAD: an unconventional social pattern that ppl embrace briefly but enthusiastically - temp pattern of behaviour - Randomly independent - intense interests that fail to sustain themselves - Capture public imagination but quickly burn out - Short-lasting   SOCIAL MOVEMENT: organized activity that encourages or discourages social change - connecting people who share some political goal - Collective effort of people that makes/prevent something social from/changes - Persist over other groups of collective behaviour-more structured and on-going - Outside of political mainstream - Spring up in class consciousness in collective conscious to change structures   POPULATION/URBANIZATION: notable changes in size/density/composition = social change - Strain of resources makes people have to adjust   YOUTH: vanguard of social change - More easily to join (less to lose) - Main role in social movement - Tend to be less directly evolved in establishments less ties to existing social structures   PHYSCIAL ENVIRONMENT: changes=social change - By humans causing restructuring of communities - Lead to further change/impacts=protests/riots/movements - Compelling for people to bring change   SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: associating historical change (assembly line)=capitalism - Gendered structures - Work, communication/ Cultural expression   SOCIAL INEQUALITY: leads to struggle for social change - Redistribution of things for greater equity   RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE: efforts to promote=always met with resistance - Certain kinds are not desirable - Certain groups want to keep the status quo   VESTED RESISTANCE: those who believe they will suffer in the event of social change - They stand to lose something - Have interests invested/embedded in current society that they fear could be lost if social change Class social movements according to variables 1. WHO IS CHANGED? Some target selected people/some try to change everyone 2. HOW MUCH CHANGE? Some seek limited change/others seek radical transformation of society   ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: least threatening to status quo - Seek out limited change in only part of the population - Aim is to help certain people **alter** their lives - MADD   REDEMPTIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: target specific individuals - Seek radical change - Aim is to help certain people **redeem** their lives - Alcoholics anonymous   REFORMATIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: aim for limited change - Target everyone   REVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: most extreme - Work for major transformation of an entire society - For pursuing specific goal or for visions of a better society - Reject existing social institutions as flawed - Left of political spectrum   STRATEGIES OF RESISTANCE: 1. RIDICULE: slurs, comments, insults 2. CO-OPTATION: to pacify members of movement incorporating some symbols into use to stop them a. Take threatening aspects and put them into own agenda 3. FORMAL SOCIAL CHANGE: by government 4. RANDOM VIOLENCE: done if all others are unsuccessful   CLAIMS MAKING: process of trying to convince the public and public officials of importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue   DEPRIVATION THEORY: holds that social movements arise among people who feel deprived of something like incomes, work, rights   RELATIVE DEPRIVATION: a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison - Is why movements for change surface in both good and bad times - Is not just about their standing that counts but also how they perceive their situation related to the situations of specific other people   MASS SOCIETY THEORY: argues that social movements attract socially isolated people who join a movement in order to gain a sense of belonging, identity and purpose - See social movements of having a personal and political agenda   CULTURE THEORY: states that social movements depend not only on money and other resources but also on cultural symbols - People must share a shared understanding of injustice before they mobilize to bring about change   POLITICAL ECONOMY THEORY: marxist approach that claims movements arise in opposition to the capitalist economic system which fails to meet the needs of the majority of people. - That on their own, resources are not enough, success comes down to unifying groups into a systems of alliances and realizing the capacities or segments of working class   NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS THEORY: states the distinctive character of social movements in post-industrial societies - Instead of seeking unity on specific economic or political demands, movements are non-unified, leaderless, expressive with the goal of raising awareness rather than monopolizing the control of power   RESOURCE MOBILIZATION THEORY: states that no social movement is likely to succeed without substantial resources including money, labour, office, communications, access to socials and media and positive public image   EMERGENCE: social movements occur as people being to think that not all is well   COALESCENCE: takes place when a social movement defines itself and develops a strategy for attracting new members and \"going public\"   BUREAUCRATIZATION: as social movements becomes established it depends less on charisma and talents of leaders and more of professional staff   DECLINE: resources dry up and group faces overwhelming repression, leadership is bought off by offers of money or power within the systems or when members finally achieve their goals   DISASTER: an event generally unexpected that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property   DISASTER BEHAVIOUR: - Technological - Sudden disruptive event - Overtaxes community resources so aid is needed - Results in higher organization and unified behaviours   NATURAL DISASTERS   TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER: result of inability to control technology   INTENTIONAL DISASTER: one or more group intentionally harm others   Disasters are... 1. SOCIAL DISRUPTIONS: threat to human security and damage human community 2. MORE SERIOUS WHEN EVENT INVOLVES TOXIC SUBSTANCE 3. MOST SERIOUS WHEN DISASTER IS CAUSED BY ACTIONS OF OTHER PEOPLE: via negligence or carelessness