Linguistic Politeness and Gender Studies Week 6 & 8
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Face' refer to in the context of Face Threatening Acts (FTA)?

  • Public self-image that an individual wants to maintain (correct)
  • A method of addressing someone indirectly
  • The level of power in a conversation
  • A type of polite greeting

In the formula for calculating the weight of an FTA, what does 'D' represent?

  • The degree of respect shown by the speaker
  • The difficulty of the communicative act
  • The social distance between participants in the interaction (correct)
  • The distance between the speaker and the audience

What characteristic is associated with women's language as described in the content?

  • Limited vocabulary choices
  • Structured arguments with clear conclusions
  • Direct and assertive communication style
  • Use of hedges and tag questions (correct)

What is the main difference between 'sex' and 'gender'?

<p>Sex refers to biological categorization; gender is a social construct. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'face' differ in collectivist cultures like China compared to individualistic cultures?

<p>Collectivist cultures emphasize hierarchy and respect for social roles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about heteronormativity is true?

<p>It promotes heterosexual relationships as the normative standard. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the politeness strategies used to redress FTAs?

<p>Direct confrontation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a feature commonly found in women's language?

<p>Use of inessential intensifiers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of language planning or management?

<p>To influence the linguistic behavior of a speech community (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of language planning focuses on regulating the structural aspects of a language?

<p>Corpus planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'status planning' refer to?

<p>Determining which languages will hold official roles in society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In language policy, what serves as an expression of ideological orientations and views?

<p>General linguistic goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the micro level of language planning focused on?

<p>Specific usage in particular circumstances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ‘ideological view’ in language imply?

<p>Language serves as a unifying force for statehood and identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Guoyu established as in the 19th century of China?

<p>A national language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did linguistic nationalism negatively influence perceptions of the Chinese language?

<p>It fostered negative feelings and minimal respect for the language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the perception that language hindered China’s development?

<p>Complexities of the Chinese language leading to illiteracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change introduced during the 20th century regarding the Chinese language?

<p>The spread of Putonghua as the national language (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed new written standard meant to replace wenyanwen?

<p>Baihuawen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key reason for promoting Putonghua as the national language?

<p>To increase its prestige and usefulness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'bi-diglossia' refer to in the context of the proposed language reforms?

<p>Maintaining proficiency in both Putonghua and local dialects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major visible marker of linguistic vitality in public spaces?

<p>The diversity of signs in multiple languages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes geosemiotics?

<p>Understanding how physical placement of signs affects their meaning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do minority languages face in favor of stronger languages?

<p>Endangerment and decline due to economic pressures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the status of the English language changed in Hong Kong's official signage?

<p>It transitioned from primary to subsidiary status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the linguistic landscape reflect regarding language groups?

<p>The societal and official status of languages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall goal of the language reforms discussed?

<p>To promote linguistic diversity and bilingualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of increased visibility for a language in public spaces?

<p>It signifies its ethnolinguistic vitality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the index frame in the discussion of road signs?

<p>Conveying a sense of community belonging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capital is characterized by the knowledge and skills acquired from education?

<p>Cultural capital (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue does the concept of 'linguistic communism' address?

<p>Assuming shared language guarantees equal communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary language focus in Hong Kong's education after colonial rule?

<p>English education over vernacular education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which frame idealizes a component into branding through repetitive presence?

<p>Brand frame (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does the implementation of the mother-tongue education policy in Hong Kong present?

<p>Decreased focus on English language proficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does symbolic capital manifest in language contexts?

<p>By accumulating prestige through language use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of linguistic hegemony in Hong Kong?

<p>Suppressed vernacular language instruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a requirement for civil service jobs in Hong Kong?

<p>Strong foundation in Chinese language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What socioeconomic factor complicates the recruitment of employees in Hong Kong?

<p>Lack of linguistic qualifications in the job market (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant outcome followed the handover regarding language education policies?

<p>Flexibility in medium of instruction decisions for schools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of linguistic capital refers specifically to fluency in a high-status language?

<p>Communicative competence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is identified as a social sociolinguistic obstacle to becoming biliterate and trilingual?

<p>Dominance of Cantonese in daily communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that disqualifies women from positions of power and authority?

<p>Speaking tentatively and trivially (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do men and women typically differ in their communication styles according to societal norms?

<p>Men engage in competitive language while women seek inclusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary factor contributed to the development of verbal skills in women?

<p>Childcare and gossip (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hyperglobalist' imply regarding culture?

<p>Creation of a uniform global culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perspective of sceptics regarding globalization?

<p>Globalization enhances local differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hybridization refer to in the context of globalization?

<p>The blending of global and local cultural elements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'linguistic imperialism' refer to?

<p>The dominance of a language that undermines other cultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way does globalization influence language use according to the content?

<p>English will indigenize and reflect local characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of transformationalists, how do globalization and local cultures interact?

<p>They are engaged in a relational and reciprocal process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about women in communication?

<p>Women use more tentative language than men (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'translanguaging' involve?

<p>A dynamic process that incorporates multiple languages and styles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the spread of English represent in terms of cultural influence?

<p>An opportunity for linguistic empowerment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary social function of popular culture?

<p>Generating profit and defining social norms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of communication may women perform to avoid being viewed as simply acting?

<p>Repeatedly affirming their performance of gender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Face-Threatening Act (FTA)

An action that may damage a person's public self-image (face).

Positive Face

The desire to be liked, approved, and accepted by others.

Negative Face

The desire to be free from imposition and interference.

Sex vs. Gender

Sex is biological; gender is social (cultural traits and behaviors).

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Heteronormativity

The belief that heterosexuality is the default or normal sexuality.

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Women's Language

A way of speaking potentially associated with social subordination.

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Face (in Cross-Cultural)

Public self-image, varies cross-culturally (individualistic vs. collectivistic).

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Politeness (cross-cultural)

Strategies used to minimize the threat to face in social interactions, differing across cultures.

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Language Planning

Conscious efforts to manipulate linguistic behavior in a community, aiming to solve communication problems.

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Status Planning

Deciding which language or variety holds official roles in society (e.g., government, education).

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Corpus Planning

Influencing the structure of a language (e.g., grammar, vocabulary) through regulations.

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Acquisition Planning

Deciding how language varieties are learned, at what age, and through what methods (e.g., medium of instruction).

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Language Policy

Broader goals underlying language planning, driven by linguistic, political, and social aims.

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Linguistic Nationalism

A strong belief that language is essential to a nation's identity, with minimal respect for other languages.

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Utilitarian View of Language

Viewing language as a practical tool for communication and achieving goals, focusing on its usefulness.

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China's Language Planning

A complex history of planning efforts, ranging from unifying scripts to promoting a national language (Putonghua).

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Guoyu

National language in China, often referred to as Mandarin.

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Putonghua

Standard Mandarin language in China, emphasized as a national language.

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Social Norm Influence

Women's language is often learned and imposed by societal norms, leading to a cycle where speaking in a feminine way is valued less, reinforcing subordination.

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Gendered Communication Styles

Men and women are often assumed to communicate differently due to societal expectations and experiences, with men often perceived as more competitive and women as more inclusive.

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Biological Difference: Gossip

According to evolutionary theory, women's verbal skills developed through gossip and childcare, while men's spatial skills came from hunting.

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Brain Lateralization

Differences in brain structure and function may contribute to gendered communication styles. Men show stronger lateralization, with the left hemisphere (verbal) developing slower and the right (spatial) faster.

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Fetal Testosterone (FT)

Higher levels of FT in men lead to slower development of the left hemisphere (verbal), potentially contributing to differences in language processing.

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FOXP2 Protein

This protein, more abundant in women, may contribute to their faster language acquisition and early development of verbal skills.

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Performance of Gender

Gender is not fixed but actively performed through repeated behaviors and expressions until they seem natural and ingrained.

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Popular Culture

A system of shared artifacts and ideas that most people know about, often created by cultural industries.

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Social Functions of Popular Culture

Popular culture serves various social functions, including generating profit, defining and disseminating social norms, providing a platform for discussions, and shaping social identities.

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Globalization and Culture

The expansion of social relations and consciousness across the world leads to a dynamic flow of culture, challenging traditional boundaries and creating new identities.

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Hyperglobalist Perspective

This perspective views globalization as leading to a uniform, global culture, potentially erasing local differences and promoting cultural imperialism.

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Sceptical Perspective

This viewpoint argues that globalization does not create a homogenized culture, but rather emphasizes regional differences and local traditions, leading to a revival of local cultures.

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Transformationalist Perspective

This view sees globalization as a process of hybridization, combining global and local influences in a dynamic and reciprocal way, fostering new identities.

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Translanguaging

A dynamic way of communicating that utilizes multiple languages, styles, and registers, allowing individuals to navigate complex multilingual contexts and create a shared sense of identity.

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Baihuawen

A vernacular Chinese writing style that emerged in the Song Dynasty, replacing the more classical Wenyanwen.

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Wenyanwen

A classical Chinese writing style, characterized by its highly formal and often archaic language, making it difficult for modern readers.

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Guowuyuan

The Chinese government body responsible for promoting and regulating the use of Putonghua, particularly in education.

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Bilingualism

The ability to speak and understand two languages fluently.

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Linguistic Landscape

The visible presence of language in public spaces, reflecting the language use and cultural identities of a community.

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Geosemiotics

The study of how the placement of signs in a physical space contributes to their meaning and interpretation.

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Ethnolinguistic Vitality

The health and likelihood of survival of a language and its associated culture.

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Minority Language

A language spoken by a relatively small group of people, often facing challenges of preservation due to dominance of other languages.

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Linguistic Pressure

The influence exerted on individuals or communities to adopt a particular language, often resulting in a decline of minority languages.

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Frames of Discussion

Different perspectives or analytical lenses used to understand a topic, like the functionality of road signs or the commercialization of housing.

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Ideational Frame

Focuses on the meaning and ideas conveyed by a phenomenon, such as the symbolic function of a road sign indicating territory and belonging.

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Spectacle Frame

Examines how something is presented, particularly in a consumerist context, highlighting its aesthetic and symbolic value for status and identity.

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Brand Frame

Analyzes how a specific feature or element is emphasized and repeated to create a brand identity and value.

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Linguistic Communism

The misconception that a shared language ensures perfect communication and understanding, regardless of individual differences.

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Capital (Social Theory)

Different forms of power and resources that individuals accumulate and use to navigate social structures.

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Economic Capital

Material resources, like money, property, and financial assets.

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Cultural Capital

Knowledge, skills, and cultural practices obtained through education, training, and experiences, providing a sense of prestige and advantage.

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Social Capital

The network of relationships and connections that individuals have, providing access to resources and support.

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Symbolic Capital

Recognition and prestige earned through social status, reputation, and honor.

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Linguistic Capital

Fluency in a prestigious and widely-used language, providing advantages in social, economic, and political spheres.

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Field (in Social Theory)

A social context or ideological setting where different forms of capital are exchanged and competed for.

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Linguistic Hegemony

The dominance of one language over others in a social, political, or cultural context, influencing power structures and opportunities.

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MOI (Medium of Instruction)

The language used for teaching and learning in schools, impacting students' language acquisition and access to educational opportunities.

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Study Notes

Week 6 - Speech Function and Linguistic Politeness

  • Face Threatening Act (FTA): Public self-image members want to claim for themselves.
  • Positive Face: Desire to be liked and approved.
  • Negative Face: Desire not to be impeded on or imposed upon.
  • Social Distance (D): Power Distance (P), Importance of the Act (Rx).
  • Risk of FTA: Polite indirect → address -ve face → address +ve face → direct.
  • Politeness: Used to redress FTA performance.
  • Eurocentric Bias: Overemphasis on individualistic and egalitarian/liberal motivation (care more about -ve face) in East Asia, collectivistic hierarchy-base.
  • Face Definition: Lian (interval, moral related, +ve) vs Mianzi (external, other's appreciation of Lian)
  • Chinese Politeness: Self-denigration as respect, elevation of others as warmth.
  • Japanese Politeness: Favourable treatment/care.

Week 8 - Language, Gender and Sexuality

  • Sex: Biological categorization (male vs female).
  • Gender: Social elaboration of biological sex, cultural traits, and behavior (masculinity vs femininity).
  • Sexuality: Identity in terms of sexual activity.
  • Heteronormativity: Belief that heterosexual relationships are default/normal.
  • Women's Language: Way of speaking reflecting subordinate position in society, tool of oppression, rife with hedges (e.g. "sort of", "I think"), inessential intensifiers (e.g. "really", "so").

Tag Questions

  • Tentative, powerless, trivial (e.g., "...isn't it?").
  • Disqualify women from powerful positions.
  • Learned, imposed behavior, women must speak certain way to be a woman.

Biological Differences

  • Evolution: Gossip (women) vs Hunting (men)
  • Brain Volume: Men generally larger, but not relevant to skills
  • Fetal Testosterone: Men have higher levels, impacting brain development.

Week 9 - Communication in Global Context

  • Popular Culture: System or artifacts shared by most people.
  • Globalization: Processes of expansion and intensification of social relations across world time and world space, not just consumption but construction of possible worlds.

Week 10 - Language Planning

  • Language Planning/Management: Conscious effort in changing linguistic behavior of a speech community to address communication problems, includes choice of languages and structural features like grammar and vocabulary.

Week 11 - Linguistic Landscapes

  • Quantitative approach to distribution of signs through geographic regions and comparison, including territorial presence and status.
  • Geosemiotics: Social and cultural placement of signs.
  • Functionality of road signs (territory/identity), frames of discussion (e.g. consumption, spectacle).

Week 12 - Culture, Identity, and Language in HK

  • Illusion of linguistic communism: Misconception that perfect communication exists through a common language across cultures.
  • Common Language as a tool to promote equality and eliminate misunderstanding.

Week 11-12 - Additional Points

  • Capitals (Economic, Cultural, Social, Symbolic): Concepts describing various forms of power and prestige.
  • Linguistic Capital: Fluency, comfort with a high-status worldwide language. Used for exchange within economic, social, political, and cultural contexts.
  • Linguistic Hegemony: Dominance of one language over others.
  • Colonial History of HK: Impacts on language policies and choices.
  • Biliteracy and trilingualism in the education system.
  • Language policies and practices regarding use of Cantonese and Putonghua.
  • Challenges of bilingualism/ multilingualism in education. Emphasis on importance on vernacular/local dialects.
  • Mandarin (Putonghua): Standard written Chinese.
  • Cantonese: Dominant vernacular language in Hong Kong.
  • English: Used for business communication, government transactions.

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Description

Explore the concepts of Speech Function and Linguistic Politeness in this quiz covering Week 6 and Gender Studies related to language from Week 8. Understand the nuances of Face Threatening Acts, the cultural implications of politeness, and the distinctions between sex and gender. This quiz delves into theoretical frameworks and cultural perspectives to enhance your understanding.

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