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Questions and Answers
The gender gap in representation is smallest in STEM fields compared to other male-dominated domains.
The gender gap in representation is smallest in STEM fields compared to other male-dominated domains.
False (B)
The biological explanation suggests that gender gaps will remain consistent across different countries.
The biological explanation suggests that gender gaps will remain consistent across different countries.
True (A)
In Denmark, the ratio of females to males at the Candidate Master level is 2 females for every 100 males.
In Denmark, the ratio of females to males at the Candidate Master level is 2 females for every 100 males.
True (A)
The average number of females per 100 males at the Candidate Master level globally is 6.
The average number of females per 100 males at the Candidate Master level globally is 6.
Socialization-based explanations would be preferred if gender gaps vary significantly across countries.
Socialization-based explanations would be preferred if gender gaps vary significantly across countries.
FIDE data from 2012 to 2018 shows a consistent pattern of gender representation in all countries studied.
FIDE data from 2012 to 2018 shows a consistent pattern of gender representation in all countries studied.
The gender gap in the US is larger than in China according to the FIDE data.
The gender gap in the US is larger than in China according to the FIDE data.
The author of the study declared a conflict of interest.
The author of the study declared a conflict of interest.
Countries with a history of central planning exhibit a lower relative female presence in competitive chess compared to the Western world.
Countries with a history of central planning exhibit a lower relative female presence in competitive chess compared to the Western world.
Women under communism experienced a significant gender equality advantage compared to women in the geopolitical West.
Women under communism experienced a significant gender equality advantage compared to women in the geopolitical West.
The gender gap in mathematics is reported to be smaller in regions that were once part of West Germany.
The gender gap in mathematics is reported to be smaller in regions that were once part of West Germany.
Women from the former East Germany place less importance on career success than those from the former West Germany.
Women from the former East Germany place less importance on career success than those from the former West Germany.
The present study aims to explore the gender difference in competitiveness specifically in the context of competitive chess.
The present study aims to explore the gender difference in competitiveness specifically in the context of competitive chess.
Societal factors are believed to have no effect on the gender gap in chess.
Societal factors are believed to have no effect on the gender gap in chess.
The comparative examination of the gender gap in chess is unrelated to competitiveness in male-dominated fields like mathematics.
The comparative examination of the gender gap in chess is unrelated to competitiveness in male-dominated fields like mathematics.
The literature unanimously supports that gender differences in competitiveness are solely due to innate factors.
The literature unanimously supports that gender differences in competitiveness are solely due to innate factors.
To become a Grandmaster, a chess player must have a rating of at least 2200 Elo points.
To become a Grandmaster, a chess player must have a rating of at least 2200 Elo points.
The Elo rating of 1400 is considered an inclusive level for competitive chess.
The Elo rating of 1400 is considered an inclusive level for competitive chess.
There has been at least one woman rated above 2000 Elo points.
There has been at least one woman rated above 2000 Elo points.
The ratio of female players to male players was analyzed using players rated below 1400 Elo points.
The ratio of female players to male players was analyzed using players rated below 1400 Elo points.
The analysis involved a total of 134 countries with at least one male player rated above 2000 Elo points.
The analysis involved a total of 134 countries with at least one male player rated above 2000 Elo points.
The first set of regressions includes data only from China and Cuba.
The first set of regressions includes data only from China and Cuba.
In the later regressions, the count ratios for female players are computed between Elo ratings of +1500 and +2000.
In the later regressions, the count ratios for female players are computed between Elo ratings of +1500 and +2000.
Robust standard errors in the results were clustered by gender.
Robust standard errors in the results were clustered by gender.
Life expectancy for females has a significant positive relationship with gender ratios at the 5% level.
Life expectancy for females has a significant positive relationship with gender ratios at the 5% level.
Life expectancy for males shows a significant positive relationship across all measurements.
Life expectancy for males shows a significant positive relationship across all measurements.
The GGGI values have the same significance level across all columns presented.
The GGGI values have the same significance level across all columns presented.
The rating ratio for China is 5.8 percentage points higher than the rest of the world.
The rating ratio for China is 5.8 percentage points higher than the rest of the world.
The sample included in the study features 134 countries with players rated at 2000 Elo points or higher.
The sample included in the study features 134 countries with players rated at 2000 Elo points or higher.
Cuba's female participation level is always increasing in comparison to the rest of the world.
Cuba's female participation level is always increasing in comparison to the rest of the world.
The coefficient for the Formerly Communist cluster is the highest among the stated coefficients.
The coefficient for the Formerly Communist cluster is the highest among the stated coefficients.
The Lao People's Democratic Republic shows the largest negative coefficient in mean and median ratios.
The Lao People's Democratic Republic shows the largest negative coefficient in mean and median ratios.
The regression coefficients reviewed by country are organized by column.
The regression coefficients reviewed by country are organized by column.
All equations in the analysis were re-estimated using the within-between method of Mundlak-Chamberlain.
All equations in the analysis were re-estimated using the within-between method of Mundlak-Chamberlain.
Significance levels indicate that some coefficients are not statistically significant at the 5% level.
Significance levels indicate that some coefficients are not statistically significant at the 5% level.
There are 811 total observations in the dataset analyzed.
There are 811 total observations in the dataset analyzed.
The mean relative attainment of women increased from 2012 to 2018.
The mean relative attainment of women increased from 2012 to 2018.
The sensitivity tests led to significantly different results in the pooled cross-section estimations compared to the primary analysis.
The sensitivity tests led to significantly different results in the pooled cross-section estimations compared to the primary analysis.
The coefficient for Mongolia at the general participation level is lower than China's.
The coefficient for Mongolia at the general participation level is lower than China's.
In Column (7), Cuba has 7.2 more women per 100 men at the level of +2000 Elo points than the ROW.
In Column (7), Cuba has 7.2 more women per 100 men at the level of +2000 Elo points than the ROW.
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Study Notes
Gender Gap in Chess
- There is a significant gender gap in chess, particularly at higher attainment levels.
- The paper uses data from FIDE (World Chess Federation) between 2012 and 2018 to examine the gender gap in chess across different countries.
- The study finds substantial cross-country variation in the gender gap, with countries like Vietnam, Georgia, and China exhibiting a higher proportion of female players at the Candidate Master level compared to Western countries like France, Sweden, and Denmark.
The Role of Socialism
- The research suggests that the gender gap in chess is influenced by societal factors, particularly the impact of socialist institutions and policies.
- Studies highlight that women under communist regimes enjoyed a significant advantage in gender equality compared to their counterparts in the West.
- This advantage seems to persist even after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, as evidenced by smaller gender gaps in mathematics among pupils in regions previously part of East Germany.
Comparative Analysis
- The study examines the gender gap in chess in relation to other male-dominated fields like mathematics.
- It contributes to understanding gender differences in competitiveness, suggesting that contextual factors play a role in shaping these disparities.
- The research uses a two-stage fixed effects Hausman & Taylor estimation method to analyze the data, focusing on the ratio of female to male players at different Elo rating levels.
Key Findings
- The analysis reveals that China, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam exhibit a higher proportion of female chess players (at general skill levels) compared to the rest of the world.
- Post-Soviet countries also show a positive, albeit smaller, effect on female participation in chess.
- The study finds that while the relative number of female players has not increased significantly, the mean relative attainment level of women in chess has slightly risen over time. It seems that women in countries like China and Cuba participate more in competitive chess, but attainment levels are not necessarily higher.
- The Lao People’s Democratic Republic shows a particularly small attainment gap between men and women in chess, despite both genders performing relatively poorly overall.
- Sensitivity tests using Mundlak-Chamberlain and pooled cross-section estimations confirm the robustness of the findings.
Implications
- This study sheds light on the impact of societal and historical factors on gender representation in competitive chess.
- It provides valuable insights into the role of sociocultural contexts in shaping gender differences in competitiveness.
- The findings contribute to research examining gender disparities in male-dominated fields and underscore the need to address these inequalities through structural and societal interventions.
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