Gastrointestinal System - Advanced
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Questions and Answers

Why are the enzymes Pepsin and Trypsin initially secreted as Pepsinogen and Trypsinogen (proenzymes)?

  • The proenzymes break down different proteins from the enzymes.
  • They are secreted when the GI tract is empty and only activated when food is present.
  • Proenzymes act as hormones in the digestive tract.
  • To prevent self-digestion of secreting organs. (correct)

What are the main sources of bicarbonate in the intestine?

  • Bile and pancreatic juice. (correct)
  • Stomach acid and saliva.
  • Secretions of the intestinal epithelium.
  • Digested food.

What is the main role of bicarbonate in the small intestine?

  • Maintain optimal pH for enzymatic digestion. (correct)
  • Regulate water content of the intestinal contents.
  • Remove CO2 from the digestive system.
  • Break down proteins into amino acids.

Which part of the stomach is primarily responsible for the secretion of stomach juices?

<p>Fundus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of motilin on the digestive tract?

<p>Increased gastric motor activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following two hormones have OPPOSITE effects on gastric acid secretion?

<p>Somatostatin and CCK (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of gastric secretion does not require the presence of food in the stomach?

<p>Cephalic phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be absorbed in the stomach?

<p>There is no absorption of nutrients in the stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of motility in the gastrointestinal system?

<p>Digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bile is released into the duodenum by which organ?

<p>Gall bladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of food is primarily digested in the stomach?

<p>Protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main process relating to digestion which occurs in the large intestine is:

<p>Fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fat is mainly absorbed by the:

<p>Lymphatic system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secretions of the exocrine pancreas play a role in the digestions of:

<p>Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the nervous system regulates the function of the gastrointestinal system?

<p>Autonomic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ageing of the gastrointestinal system is frequently characterised by an increased incidence of constipation. This may be caused by:

<p>Slow peristalsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

<p>Regulation of gastrointestinal motility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of water in digestion?

<p>Hydrolysis; lubrication and dilution (B), Cooling; buffering and dilution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does eating a large meal make one sleepy?

<p>Effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pancreatitis, which causes reduced production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes, will have the following symptoms:

<p>Decreased digestion and absorption of nutrients and diarrhoea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Why are digestive enzymes initially inactive?

Enzymes like pepsin and trypsin are initially secreted as inactive precursors called pepsinogen and trypsinogen to prevent them from digesting the cells that produce them.

What are the main sources of bicarbonate in the intestine?

Bicarbonate is primarily sourced from pancreatic juice and bile, neutralizing stomach acid in the small intestine.

What is the role of bicarbonate in the small intestine?

Bicarbonate's main role in the small intestine is to neutralize stomach acid and maintain a slightly alkaline pH, optimal for digestive enzymes to function.

Which part of the stomach secretes stomach juices?

The fundus, a part of the stomach, is responsible for secreting stomach juices, including gastric acid and pepsinogen.

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What is the main effect of motilin on the digestive tract?

Motilin stimulates gastric motility, increasing muscle contractions in the stomach and promoting the movement of food through the digestive tract.

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Which hormones have opposite effects on gastric acid secretion?

Somatostatin inhibits gastric acid secretion, while gastrin stimulates it.

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Which phase of gastric secretion doesn't require food in the stomach?

The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the sight, smell, or even thought of food, not by the presence of food in the stomach.

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What is absorbed in the stomach?

The stomach absorbs very little nutrients. Water, some alcohol, and certain drugs are absorbed, but not significant amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, or fats.

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Which of these is NOT a role of GI motility?

Motility in the gastrointestinal system refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract. This movement is not directly involved in breaking down food (digestion).

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Which organ releases bile into the duodenum?

The gallbladder is responsible for storing and releasing bile into the duodenum for fat emulsification.

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What type of food is mainly digested in the stomach?

Protein is the primary foodstuff digested in the stomach. Pepsin, a stomach enzyme, breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

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What is the main process occurring in the large intestine?

Fermentation is the primary process in the large intestine, where bacteria break down undigested carbohydrates, producing gases and short-chain fatty acids.

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How are fats absorbed?

Fats are mainly absorbed by the lymphatic system after being broken down into smaller molecules.

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What do pancreatic enzymes digest?

The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes that aid in the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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Which nervous system regulates the GI system?

The autonomic nervous system regulates the functions of the gastrointestinal system, controlling motility, secretion, and blood flow.

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Why does constipation increase with age?

Age-related slowing of peristalsis, the muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract, can lead to constipation.

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What is NOT a function of the liver?

The liver is responsible for numerous functions, including the destruction of old red blood cells, the production of blood plasma proteins, and the storage of glucose. However, it does not directly regulate gastrointestinal motility.

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What are the roles of water in digestion?

Water plays crucial roles in digestion such as lubrication, dilution, and facilitating chemical reactions like hydrolysis.

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Why does eating a large meal make one sleepy?

A large meal triggers the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone that can induce feelings of sleepiness.

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What are the symptoms of pancreatitis?

Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas, impairs the production and secretion of pancreatic enzymes, leading to decreased digestion and malabsorption, resulting in diarrhea.

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Study Notes

Gastrointestinal System - Advanced

  • Enzyme Secretion: Pepsin and Trypsin are initially secreted as inactive proenzymes (Pepsinogen and Trypsinogen) to prevent self-digestion of the secreting organs. These enzymes are activated only when food is present.

  • Bicarbonate Sources: Bicarbonate in the intestines primarily comes from bile and pancreatic juice, and secretions of the intestinal epithelium.

  • Bicarbonate Role: Bicarbonate in the small intestine helps maintain the optimal pH for enzymatic digestion.

  • Stomach Secretion: The stomach's fundus, pyloric antrum, and cardia secrete stomach juices.

  • Motilin's Effect: Motilin plays a role in the digestive tract by impacting movement through the system.

  • Fat Absorption: Fat is primarily absorbed by the lymphatic system.

  • Digestion Mechanisms: Fermentation is the main process in the large intestine.

  • Stomach Digestion: Proteins are the primary food type digested in the stomach.

  • Gastric Phase: The gastric phase of gastric secretion requires food to be present in the stomach.

  • Liver Function: The liver's roles include destroying old red blood cells, forming blood plasma proteins, and storing glucose but does not regulate gastrointestinal motility.

  • Nervous System Regulation: The autonomic branch of the nervous system regulates the gastrointestinal system.

  • Pancreatic Secretion Issues: Reduced pancreatic enzyme production leads to decreased digestion of nutrients and diarrhea.

  • Digestion Substances: The gastrointestinal system digests proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

  • Motility Roles: Motility in the gastrointestinal system plays roles in exposure, mixing, and movement along the digestive tract.

  • Bile Release: Bile is released into the duodenum through the gall bladder.

  • Sleepy after a Large Meal: Eating a large meal may lead to sleepiness due to cholecystokinin (CCK) effects on the brain.

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Gastrointestinal System Advanced - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the advanced concepts of the gastrointestinal system, including enzyme secretion, bicarbonate sources and roles, and digestion mechanisms. This quiz covers key functions of various organs involved in digestion and the biochemical processes that occur in the digestive tract.

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