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Questions and Answers
Given the equation $C_x = AP_x$, and A = 58.6 µg/liter/mmHg, what does $C_x$ represent?
Given the equation $C_x = AP_x$, and A = 58.6 µg/liter/mmHg, what does $C_x$ represent?
- The diffusion coefficient of gas 'x'
- The rate of gas exchange
- The partial pressure of gas 'x'
- The concentration of gas 'x' (correct)
According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, what does 'X' represent in the equation $J = K\frac{(P_1 - P_2)}{X}$?
According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, what does 'X' represent in the equation $J = K\frac{(P_1 - P_2)}{X}$?
- The rate of gas exchange
- The diffusion coefficient
- The distance separating points 1 and 2 (correct)
- The partial pressure gradient
Which of the following is NOT a factor that the Krogh coefficient (K) depends on?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that the Krogh coefficient (K) depends on?
- The material across which gas diffuses
- The temperature of the gas (correct)
- The area of the material over which gas diffuses
- The type of gas
If the diffusion coefficient (D) accounts for the type of gas and the material across which gas diffuses, what else can natural selection alter from the equation $J=DA\frac{(P_1-P_2)}{X}$?
If the diffusion coefficient (D) accounts for the type of gas and the material across which gas diffuses, what else can natural selection alter from the equation $J=DA\frac{(P_1-P_2)}{X}$?
According to the content, which of the following is NOT a strategy used by animals for breathing in water?
According to the content, which of the following is NOT a strategy used by animals for breathing in water?
Unidirectional ventilation, as seen in fish, facilitates what specific type of gas exchange?
Unidirectional ventilation, as seen in fish, facilitates what specific type of gas exchange?
What is the key advantage of countercurrent gas exchange in fish gills?
What is the key advantage of countercurrent gas exchange in fish gills?
Which of the following is a feature of ram ventilation?
Which of the following is a feature of ram ventilation?
Why is water considered a 'bad' medium for oxygen exchange compared to air?
Why is water considered a 'bad' medium for oxygen exchange compared to air?
According to the content, what is a fundamental consequence of not breathing?
According to the content, what is a fundamental consequence of not breathing?
According to Dalton's Law, if the total pressure of a gas mixture is 1000 mmHg and the fractional concentration of oxygen is 0.21, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
According to Dalton's Law, if the total pressure of a gas mixture is 1000 mmHg and the fractional concentration of oxygen is 0.21, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
If the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg and the fractional concentration of oxygen in the air is 0.21, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?
If the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg and the fractional concentration of oxygen in the air is 0.21, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?
According to Henry's Law, if the absorption coefficient of oxygen in water is 0.0094 and the partial pressure of oxygen in the water is 150 mmHg, what is the concentration of oxygen in the water?
According to Henry's Law, if the absorption coefficient of oxygen in water is 0.0094 and the partial pressure of oxygen in the water is 150 mmHg, what is the concentration of oxygen in the water?
Given the absorption coefficients, which of the following gases will have the highest concentration in water if their partial pressures are equal?
Given the absorption coefficients, which of the following gases will have the highest concentration in water if their partial pressures are equal?
If the total atmospheric pressure at a location is 600 mmHg, and the fractional concentration of a gas in the atmosphere is 0.15, what is the partial pressure of that gas?
If the total atmospheric pressure at a location is 600 mmHg, and the fractional concentration of a gas in the atmosphere is 0.15, what is the partial pressure of that gas?
In Lake Huron, if the atmospheric pressure is 750.2 mmHg, and the fractional concentration of oxygen (FO2) is approximately 0.21, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?
In Lake Huron, if the atmospheric pressure is 750.2 mmHg, and the fractional concentration of oxygen (FO2) is approximately 0.21, what is the approximate partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?
If the atmospheric pressure at Lake Titicaca is 550 mmHg, and assuming the fractional concentration of CO2 in the air is 0.0004, what is the partial pressure of CO2?
If the atmospheric pressure at Lake Titicaca is 550 mmHg, and assuming the fractional concentration of CO2 in the air is 0.0004, what is the partial pressure of CO2?
According to Henry's Law, if a gas with an absorption coefficient of 0.05 is at a partial pressure of 20 mmHg, what would be its concentration in the solution?
According to Henry's Law, if a gas with an absorption coefficient of 0.05 is at a partial pressure of 20 mmHg, what would be its concentration in the solution?
How does a change in altitude affect the partial pressure of oxygen in the air?
How does a change in altitude affect the partial pressure of oxygen in the air?
Which of the following will increase the rate of gas diffusion?
Which of the following will increase the rate of gas diffusion?
Flashcards
Fick's Law of Diffusion
Fick's Law of Diffusion
The rate of gas exchange is directly proportional to the difference in partial pressure between two points and inversely proportional to the distance separating them.
Krogh Coefficient (K)
Krogh Coefficient (K)
The coefficient that accounts for the type of gas and the material it diffuses through.
Breathing
Breathing
The process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
Unidirectional Ventilation
Unidirectional Ventilation
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Ram Ventilation
Ram Ventilation
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Countercurrent gas exchange
Countercurrent gas exchange
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Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange
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Diffusion Coefficient
Diffusion Coefficient
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Area (A)
Area (A)
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Distance (X)
Distance (X)
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Dalton's Law
Dalton's Law
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Partial Pressure
Partial Pressure
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Henry's Law
Henry's Law
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Absorption Coefficient (A)
Absorption Coefficient (A)
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Solubility of Gases
Solubility of Gases
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Oxygen Partial Pressure (PO2) and Altitude
Oxygen Partial Pressure (PO2) and Altitude
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Factors Affecting Gas Solubility
Factors Affecting Gas Solubility
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Oxygen in Air
Oxygen in Air
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Breathing Water
Breathing Water
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Study Notes
Air vs. Water
- Reading assignments include pages 602-607, 108-109 (Fick's equation), and 621-628
- Review materials are located on pages 654-677
- Lecture 4, January 13th, is focused on gas exchange
Gas Exchange
- Review of concepts learned in 2601
- Discussion of the specific gases involved
- Definition of breathing
- Types of animal respiration
Dalton's Law
- In a mixture of non-reactive gases, the total pressure equals the sum of the partial pressures of each gas
- Oxygen makes up 20.95% of the air, with a partial pressure of 0.2095atm
- Nitrogen accounts for 78.08% of the air, with a partial pressure of 0.7808 atm
- Argon's percentage is 0.93% and has a partial pressure of 0.0093 atm
- Carbon dioxide is 0.04% and has a partial pressure of 0.0004 atm
- The sum of all partial pressures equals 1 atm
Dalton's Law (equation)
- Partial pressure (Px) = Fractional concentration (Fx) x Total pressure (Ptot)
O2 in Air
- Oxygen diffusion is consistent but diffusion rate depends on partial pressure.
- Dalton's Law states that Total pressure= p(N2) + p(O2) + p(CO2)...
- Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude
- Atmospheric pressure at sea level = 760 mm Hg
- Atmospheric pressure at Everest approximately = 250 mm Hg
Breathing Water
- Henry's Law (sort of): Concentration of gas = Absorption coefficient x Partial pressure of the gas
- Absorption coefficient is the concentration of a gas at 1 atm partial pressure
- The concentration of a gas in a solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solution.
Solubility of Gases in Water
- Different gases have different solubilities in water
- Oxygen (O2) ≈ 0.0094
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ≈ 0.1782
- Argon (Ar) ≈ 0.009
- Nitrogen (N2) ≈ 0.0038
Factors Affecting Gas Solubility
- The concentration of Oxygen varies with temperature
- In air, at 0°C: 210 mL O₂ (at STP)/L
- In sea water, at 12°C: 8 mL O₂ (at STP)/L
Breathing in Specific Locations
- Lake Huron: Atmospheric pressure is 750.2 mmHg
- Lake Titicaca: Atmospheric pressure is 550 mmHg
Fick Equation
- J = gas exchange rate
- K = Krogh coefficient
- P1 & P2 = partial pressures representing the start point and end point
- X = distance separating the two points
Krogh coefficient
- Depends on:
- Type of gas: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide have different coefficients
- Material through which the gas diffuses
- Diffusion area
Breathing Water
- Why water is a poor medium for gas exchange.
- Gas diffusion coefficients in water are much lower than in air.
Strategies for Breathing in Water
- Strategies for efficient breathing (e.g., cheat, minimize O2 use, minimize breathing effort)
- Correlation between SMR (Standard Metabolic Rate) and body mass for diverse animal groups. This data demonstrates how changes in body mass correlate to a lessened requirement in O2.
Unidirectional Ventilation in Fish
- Water and blood flow in opposite directions in fish gills to maximize gas exchange efficiency
Ram Ventilation
- Some fish utilize ram ventilation, where water is forced over their gills by swimming with their mouths open.
Squid Breathing
- Squid use a mantle cavity and funnel to circulate water over their gills.
Bivalves (Clams and Mussels)
- Water is drawn in and expelled through two siphons by the muscular contraction of the foot to maintain respiration
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