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Questions and Answers
According to Dalton's Law, what determines the partial pressure of each gas in a mixture?
According to Dalton's Law, what determines the partial pressure of each gas in a mixture?
- The interaction of each gas with other gases present.
- The percentage of the gas in the mixture. (correct)
- The solubility of the gas in the mixture.
- The temperature of the gas mixture.
Henry's Law suggests that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is solely determined by the pressure of the gas.
Henry's Law suggests that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is solely determined by the pressure of the gas.
False (B)
Which of the following gases has the highest solubility coefficient?
Which of the following gases has the highest solubility coefficient?
- Helium
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide (correct)
- Nitrogen
What is the relationship between gas concentration, pressure, and solubility according to the provided materials?
What is the relationship between gas concentration, pressure, and solubility according to the provided materials?
According to the provided diffusion equation, the diffusion rate is ______ proportional to the square root of the molecular weight of the gas.
According to the provided diffusion equation, the diffusion rate is ______ proportional to the square root of the molecular weight of the gas.
Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence the diffusion of gases through fluids?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence the diffusion of gases through fluids?
Increased membrane thickness decreases the rate of gas diffusion across it.
Increased membrane thickness decreases the rate of gas diffusion across it.
Match the gas with its approximate partial pressure in alveoli:
Match the gas with its approximate partial pressure in alveoli:
What is the primary difference between PIOâ‚‚ and PAOâ‚‚?
What is the primary difference between PIOâ‚‚ and PAOâ‚‚?
Provide the formula to calculate PAOâ‚‚ as shown in the materials.
Provide the formula to calculate PAOâ‚‚ as shown in the materials.
A high V/Q ratio indicates a ventilation-perfusion ______ where ventilation exceeds perfusion.
A high V/Q ratio indicates a ventilation-perfusion ______ where ventilation exceeds perfusion.
Which scenario would most likely result in a low V/Q ratio in a region of the lung?
Which scenario would most likely result in a low V/Q ratio in a region of the lung?
Which of the following describes the oxygen content in venous blood?
Which of the following describes the oxygen content in venous blood?
P50 represents the partial pressure of oxygen at which the lung capillaries are 50% saturated.
P50 represents the partial pressure of oxygen at which the lung capillaries are 50% saturated.
Which condition results in a rightward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
Which condition results in a rightward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
According to the Bohr effect, what is the relationship between pH and P50?
According to the Bohr effect, what is the relationship between pH and P50?
Approximately ______% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ion in plasma.
Approximately ______% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ion in plasma.
Match the form of carbon dioxide transport with its approximate percentage in the blood:
Match the form of carbon dioxide transport with its approximate percentage in the blood:
In red blood cells, what enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid?
In red blood cells, what enzyme catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid?
According to figures, a lower oxygen concentration increases the amount of carbon dioxide that can be carried in the blood.
According to figures, a lower oxygen concentration increases the amount of carbon dioxide that can be carried in the blood.
Flashcards
Dalton's Law
Dalton's Law
The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
Henry's Law
Henry's Law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.
Gas Flow equation across a membrane
Gas Flow equation across a membrane
Gas Flow is proportional to Area x Diffusion Constant x Pressure, divided by Membrane Thickness
PIOâ‚‚
PIOâ‚‚
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PAOâ‚‚
PAOâ‚‚
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P50
P50
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COâ‚‚ Transport Forms
COâ‚‚ Transport Forms
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Haldane Effect
Haldane Effect
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Study Notes
Objectives
- Knowledge is required regarding Dalton's and Henry's Laws.
- Knowledge is required regarding factors affecting gas diffusion via fluids/membranes.
- Understand gas partial pressures in atmospheric, alveolar, arterial, and venous blood.
- Being able to explain VA-Q mismatch changes with exercise is required.
- Predicted changes in the O2-Hb diffusion curve based on provided changes to gas, pH, or temperature.
- Being able to predict blood pH changes based on respiratory rate changes is necessary.
Properties of Gases: Dalton's Law
- Total pressure from a gas mixture equals the sum of each gas's individual pressures.
- A gas' partial pressure directly relates to its percentage in the mixture.
Properties of Gases: Henry's Law
- In gas mixtures contacting a liquid, each gas dissolves proportional to its partial pressure.
- Dissolving gas amount also depends on solubility.
- The concentration of dissolved gas calculation is pressure multiplied by solubility.
Gas Solubility Coefficients
- Oxygen's coefficient is 0.024.
- Carbon Dioxide's coefficient is 0.57.
- Carbon Monoxide's coefficient is 0.018.
- Nitrogen's coefficient is 0.012.
- Helium's coefficient is 0.008.
Diffusion of Gases Through Fluids
- Diffusion rate (D) is determined from the formula: D = (ΔP x A x S) / (d x √MW)
- ΔP is the pressure difference.
- A is the area.
- S is gas solubility.
- d is the diffusion distance.
- MW is molecular weight.
Diffusion of Gases Through a Membrane
- Gas Flow is proportional to (Area x Diffusion Constant x Pressure) / Membrane Thickness.
- Diffusion constant equals solubility divided by molecular weight.
- Mean diffusing capacity equals 21ml/min/mmHg.
- Diseases potentially increase membrane thickness and/or decrease surface area.
PIOâ‚‚ vs PAOâ‚‚
- PIO2 is the inspired O₂ concentration (%) x (barometric pressure – H₂O vapor pressure)
- PAO2 = PIO2 - (PACO2/R), where R is the respiratory quotient
Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)
- Not all alveoli are equally perfused.
- The combination of pressure and disease affect alveolar prefusion.
Oxygen in the Blood
- In arterial states (PO2 = 100mmHg): dissolved oxygen is at 0.3 Vol%, bound oxygen is 19.5 Vol%, and a total of 19.8 Vol%.
- In venous states (PO2 = 40mmHg): dissolved oxygen is at 0.1 Vol%, bound oxygen is 14.4 Vol%, and a total of 14.5 Vol%.
- Vol% is ml/100ml of blood.
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
- P50 refers to the PO2 level where hemoglobin is 50% saturated.
Factors Affecting P50
- Increased PCO2 leads to increased P50.
- Decreased pH (Bohr effect) leads to increased P50.
- Increased temperature leads to increased P50.
- Increased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) leads to increased P50.
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms.
- Between 7-10% is dissolved plasma.
- 20% is chemically bound to hemoglobin.
- 70% is carried in RBCs as carbaminohemoglobin.
- 70% is transported as bicarbonate.
Transport and Exchange of Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon dioxide diffuses into RBCs and combines with water.
- This forms carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
- Carbonic anhydrase in RBCs catalyzes carbon dioxide and water's conversion into carbonic acid,.
- The lower the PO2 and hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more carbon dioxide is carried in the blood. This is known as the Haldane effect.
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