Gametogenesis and Fertilization Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the coagulation plug at the implantation site?

  • It acts as a temporary seal to prevent bleeding. (correct)
  • It stabilizes the uterine lining for hormone regulation.
  • It promotes embryo attachment to the uterine wall.
  • It provides nutrients to the developing embryo.

    • Which structure is formed during gastrulation and becomes the notochord?

  • Ectoderm
  • Neural tube
  • Primitive streak
  • Mesoderm (correct)

    • What does the ectoderm give rise to?

  • Lining of the gut
  • Brain and spinal cord (correct)
  • Voluntary muscles
  • Urinary system

    • During neurulation, which region is the first to close its neuropore?

    <p>Cervical region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>It can be life-threatening and requires surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer is primarily responsible for forming the skin and brain?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the amniotic cavity benefit the developing embryo?

    <p>It provides a cushioning fluid-filled space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the process of neurulation?

    <p>Closure of the neural tube and groove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the migration of primordial germ cells from the yolk sac walls to the developing gonads?

    <p>The presence of the primordial streak during gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of male germ cell mitosis compared to female germ cell mitosis?

    <p>Male germ cell mitosis occurs after puberty and continues throughout life, unlike female mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many functional gametes are produced in females through meiosis?

    <p>One mature oocyte and three polar bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does capacitation occur in sperm cells?

    <p>In the ampulla of the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm cells?

    <p>To cover the head of the sperm and assist in penetrating the ovulated oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the fimbriae play in fertilization?

    <p>It moves the oocyte into the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the liver and biliary system during development?

    <p>Ventral outgrowth of the foregut endoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs to the endometrium after ovulation due to progesterone secretion?

    <p>The endometrium thickens further</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what week of development does physiological umbilical herniation occur?

    <p>5th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the reproductive system does fertilization primarily take place?

    <p>Ampulla of the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is considered secondarily retroperitoneal?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What divides the cloaca into urogenital and hindgut portions?

    <p>Urorectal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cranial limb of the midgut rotate during development?

    <p>90 degrees counterclockwise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the anal canal is formed by the rupture of the anal membrane?

    <p>Proctoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes structures that are suspended by mesentery and located within the peritoneum?

    <p>Intraperitoneal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the task of the cranial limb during the tenth week of midgut development?

    <p>It returns to the central abdominal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by Type II alveolar cells in the terminal sac phase?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which developmental phase can the fetus survive with appropriate neonatal care?

    <p>Saccular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of formation for the primary palate?

    <p>Expansion of deeper portions of the intermaxillary segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart tube component develops into the coronary sinus in adults?

    <p>Sinus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does the oronasal membrane begin separating the oral and nasal cavities?

    <p>At about 6 weeks of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormality arises from esophageal atresia?

    <p>No nutrition intake due to a closed esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the hard palate?

    <p>It is primarily made of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of the atrioventricular canals?

    <p>Wedge of endocardial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a complete posterior cleft palate affect development?

    <p>It affects the secondary palate, hard and soft portions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the primitive heart tube develops into the proximal part of the aorta?

    <p>Truncus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the rupture of the oronasal membrane?

    <p>The enlargement of the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure facilitates the growth of the septum primum during atrial septum formation?

    <p>Foramen primum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cleft is formed when the maxillary prominence and lateral nasal prominence do not merge?

    <p>Oblique facial cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major anatomical difference exists between the canalicular and saccular phases?

    <p>Presence of terminal sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the secondary palate?

    <p>It forms from the medial growth of facial prominences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the soft palate?

    <p>It is composed of muscle and connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cranial neural crest cells differentiating improperly?

    <p>Defects in cranial nerve ganglia and facial dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures do somites eventually contribute to in the body?

    <p>Axial skeleton, neck muscles, body wall, and limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the somite becomes the myotome?

    <p>Dermomyotome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sacrococcygeal teratoma primarily caused by?

    <p>Regressive failure of the primitive streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neural tube defect involves improper closure leading to brain exposure?

    <p>Anencephaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do trunk neural crest cells primarily become?

    <p>Sympathetic chain ganglia and melanocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the somite develops into vertebrae?

    <p>Sclerotome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does embryonic folding play in the embryo?

    <p>Helps form the intraembryonic coelom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gametogenesis

    • Primordial germ cells originate from epiblasts, migrate through the primordial streak during gastrulation, and then to the yolk sac walls.
    • At 4 weeks, these cells migrate to the posterior body wall, to the area of the developing gonads.
    • Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis and meiosis.
    • Females undergo mitosis between 3-5 months in utero, limiting their oocyte production. Males undergo mitosis after puberty, continually throughout life.
    • Meiosis in males creates 4 mature spermatids, while females produce 1 mature oocyte and 2 polar bodies.
    • Meiosis 2 in males completes before sperm release while females complete it only after fertilization.

    Fertilization and Implantation

    • Fimbriae guide the oocyte into the uterine tube.
    • A sperm cell's head contains an acrosome which aids penetration, with a neck and tail.
    • The acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida.
    • The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein shell around the ovulated oocyte.
    • Sperm must undergo capacitation to fertilize an oocyte where seminal proteins and the glycoprotein coat are removed from the sperm's acrosome.
    • Fertilization occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
    • The corpus luteum forms after ovulation, secreting progesterone, which thickens the endometrium.
    • Fertilization sequence: capacitation, acrosome reaction, penetration of zona pellucida, zona reaction, sperm-oocyte membrane fusion, and oocyte meiosis completion.

    Cleavage, Compaction, Blastocyst Formation

    • Cleavage involves rapid mitotic divisions, increasing cell numbers (blastomeres), without increasing size.
    • Compaction occurs when blastomeres adhere tightly via junctional complexes.
    • Blastocyst formation marks a fluid-filled cavity (blastocyst cavity).
    • The inner cell mass becomes the embryo, while the outer cell mass becomes the trophoblast (placenta).

    Late Blastocyst

    • The blastocyst sheds the zona pellucida to implant in the uterine wall.
    • Embryoblast becomes the embryo, and trophoblast becomes the placenta.

    Implantation

    • The blastocyst contacts the uterine endometrium and begins implantation.
    • Trophoblasts form cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
    • The blastocyst cavity differentiates into the primary and definitive yolk sacs, the amniotic cavity, and chorionic cavity.
    • Maternal blood pools (lacunae) form within the syncytiotrophoblast.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on gametogenesis, fertilization, and implantation processes. This quiz covers the migration of primordial germ cells, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and the role of fimbriae in reproduction. Understand the intricate details involved in human reproductive biology.

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