Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following initiates the vago-vagal reflex during biliary secretion?
Which of the following initiates the vago-vagal reflex during biliary secretion?
- Intestinal phase of digestion (correct)
- Gastric phase of digestion
- Cephalic phase of digestion
- Hepatic phase of digestion
Cholecystokinin (CCK) solely stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas during digestion.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) solely stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas during digestion.
False (B)
How does increased pressure in the duodenum affect the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions, and what anatomical structure mediates this regulation?
How does increased pressure in the duodenum affect the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions, and what anatomical structure mediates this regulation?
The increased pressure in the duodenum prompts bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic secretions to flow into the duodenum via relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.
The filling of the gallbladder occurs during the ___________ phase, during which the sphincter of Oddi remains closed.
The filling of the gallbladder occurs during the ___________ phase, during which the sphincter of Oddi remains closed.
Match the type of jaundice with its description:
Match the type of jaundice with its description:
What is the primary mechanism by which the gallbladder is emptied?
What is the primary mechanism by which the gallbladder is emptied?
Vagal stimulation directly causes the contraction of the gallbladder but does not influence the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.
Vagal stimulation directly causes the contraction of the gallbladder but does not influence the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.
How do 'fat and protein digestion products' affect CCK secretion, and what subsequent actions does this hormone stimulate?
How do 'fat and protein digestion products' affect CCK secretion, and what subsequent actions does this hormone stimulate?
Jaundice becomes clinically noticeable when serum bilirubin levels exceed _______ mg/dL.
Jaundice becomes clinically noticeable when serum bilirubin levels exceed _______ mg/dL.
Which of the following best describes the role of secretin in biliary secretion?
Which of the following best describes the role of secretin in biliary secretion?
Flashcards
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
CCK is the major stimulus for gall bladder contraction and Sphincter of Oddi relaxation
Vagal Stimulation
Vagal Stimulation
Vagal stimulation of the gall bladder causes contraction and Sphincter of Oddi relaxation. Vagal stimulation occurs via vagovagal reflex during the cephalic and gastric phases of digestion.
Jaundice / Icterus
Jaundice / Icterus
Jaundice refers to the yellow discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to raised levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Biliary Secretion
Biliary Secretion
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Gall Bladder Filling
Gall Bladder Filling
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Gall Bladder Emptying
Gall Bladder Emptying
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Secretin Role in Bile Secretion
Secretin Role in Bile Secretion
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Study Notes
What is Game Theory?
- Explores scenarios with multiple agents, each having different actions.
- Outcomes are based on all agents' chosen actions.
- Each agent has unique preferences for outcomes.
- Aims to predict actions and outcomes, and determine better outcomes.
The Prisoner's Dilemma
- Illustrates game theory concepts.
- Two suspects are arrested, held separately, and cannot communicate.
- They can either cooperate (stay silent) or defect (betray).
| Suspect B Cooperates | Suspect B Defects | |
|---|---|---|
| A Coop. | A: -1, B: -1 | A: -3, B: 0 |
| A Def. | A: 0, B: -3 | A: -2, B: -2 |
- Table entries show "utility" (negative years in prison).
- Each suspect seeks to maximize utility.
Selfish Routing
- Drivers choose routes to minimize travel time in a road network.
- Road travel time depends on traffic.
- Examines if drivers cooperate or act selfishly.
Algorithmic Game Theory
- Combines game theory and computer science.
- Unlike traditional game theory, it considers computational limits.
- Key topics include:
- Mechanism design: Designing games for desirable selfish behavior.
- Price of anarchy: Measuring efficiency loss due to selfish actions.
- Computational complexity of finding equilibria.
Selfish Routing Continued
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Scenario analysis of traffic from A to B with different routes.
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Scenario 1:*
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Travel time on A $\rightarrow$ C: 1, C $\rightarrow$ B: 1, A $\rightarrow$ D: x, D $\rightarrow$ B: x.
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If x < 1: all traffic takes A $\rightarrow$ D $\rightarrow$ B, cost is 2x.
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If x > 1: all traffic takes A $\rightarrow$ C $\rightarrow$ B, cost is 2.
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If x = 1: traffic splits evenly, cost is 2.
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Scenario 2:*
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Travel time on A $\rightarrow$ C: 1, C $\rightarrow$ B: x, A $\rightarrow$ D: x, D $\rightarrow$ B: 1.
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Equilibrium: traffic splits evenly, x = 1/2, cost is 1.5.
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Scenario 3:* (Braess's Paradox)
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Adding new road C $\rightarrow$ D with travel time 0.
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Each driver takes route A $\rightarrow$ C $\rightarrow$ D $\rightarrow$ B.
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The cost is constant 2.
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Adding a road can make things worse!
What is an Equilibrium
- A stable state where no agent wants to change their action.
- John Nash's PhD thesis (1950): Every game has at least one equilibrium.
- Nash's original proof assumes mixed strategies (randomized actions).
- Finding a Nash equilibrium is a PPAD-complete problem.
Settlers of Catan
- Example of game theory elements.
- Involves 3-4 players.
- Actions include placing settlements, rolling dice, trading, and buying.
- Outcome: Player with the most victory points wins.
- Considers best strategies, effects of player numbers, and the "price of anarchy".
Course Information
- Lectures: Tue 10:15-11:45, Fri 12:15-13:45 in room 00.01.062
- Exercises: Fri 14:15-15:45 in room 00.01.062
- Website: https://algo.iti.kit.edu/10247.php
- Office hours: by appointment
- Grading: 50% final exam, 50% homework
- Homework: assigned roughly every other week
- Prerequisites: basic knowledge of algorithms and data structures, basic probability theory
- Contact: [email protected]
- Lecturer: Sara Meier
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