Gallstones and Cholecystitis: Symptoms and Treatment
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary component of gallstones?

  • Bile salts
  • Cholesterol (correct)
  • Pancreatic lipase
  • Fat

    • What is the function of bile in the digestive process?

  • Regulate pH levels
  • Emulsify proteins
  • Emulsify fats (correct)
  • Break down carbohydrates

    • How does the liver recycle bile salts?

  • Stores bile salts in the gallbladder
  • Excretes bile salts through the hepatic vein
  • Reabsorbs bile salts through the enterohepatic circulation (correct)
  • Releases bile salts into the urinary system

    • What is the primary cause of cholecystitis?

    <p>Gallstone formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of arterial to venous blood supply to the liver?

    <p>25%:75% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sphincter of Oddi?

    <p>Contracts during fasting to divert bile to the gallbladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile produced by the liver?

    <p>To facilitate the absorption of fats in the intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of bile circulation disruption?

    <p>Gallstone formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the liver in digestion, with regard to protein metabolism?

    <p>Synthesizing amino acids through transamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hepatic vein in the liver's circulatory system?

    <p>To drain blood into the inferior vena cava (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

    <p>To destroy worn-out red and white blood cells and bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hepatic portal circulation in relation to nutrient absorption?

    <p>To store and modify nutrients before release into the systemic circulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

    <p>To remove pathogens from the bloodstream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the portal triad composed of?

    <p>Portal vein, bile duct, and portal artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to toxins in the hepatic portal blood?

    <p>They are metabolized by hepatocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the liver in the circulation of bile?

    <p>To regulate the secretion of bile into the GI tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of blood flow in the hepatic portal circulation?

    <p>From the GI tract to the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?

    <p>To recognize and engulf foreign substances through phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of adaptive immunity?

    <p>It involves the recognition of specific antigens and memory cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune cell recognizes and binds to antigens on the surface of microbes?

    <p>B-cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Ig(G) in the immune system?

    <p>To mark microbes for destruction by phagocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>To attract immune cells to the site of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is associated with anaphylaxis?

    <p>Ig(E) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an encounter with a foreign substance in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Humoral response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of immunoglobulins in the immune response?

    <p>To recognize and bind to antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of memory B cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>To differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Ig(M) in the immune system?

    <p>To be the first to bind to and help destroy microbes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Ig(A) in the immune system?

    <p>To bind to antigens on mucosal surfaces and help remove them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site where T cells mature?

    <p>Thymus gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of adaptive immunity?

    <p>To give protection against specific pathogens and involves recognition and memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antigens on the cell membrane?

    <p>To help the immune response by indicating self-cells vs. foreign cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity is non-specific, while adaptive immunity is specific to certain pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemical mediators released by cells during inflammation?

    <p>To cause changes that protect the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the immune system's self vs. non-self recognition?

    <p>To recognize self-cells and eliminate non-self cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity involves the recognition and memory of specific pathogens?

    <p>Adaptive immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysozyme in sweat?

    <p>To break down bacterial cell walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes?

    <p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>To attract immune cells to the site of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epithelial lining in the body?

    <p>To provide a physical barrier against infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stomach acid in the immune response?

    <p>To directly kill foreign microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

    <p>To engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sweat in protecting the body against pathogens?

    <p>To flush away pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes?

    <p>Phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier in the body?

    <p>Stomach acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>To cause inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inflammation in the body?

    <p>To eliminate pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histamine in the immune response?

    <p>To cause inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epidermis in the body's defence against pathogens?

    <p>To provide a physical barrier against invasion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the body deals with an insult from physical or chemical agents and invasion by microbes?

    <p>Inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the inflammatory response in the body?

    <p>To minimise the effects of injury or infection and promote regeneration and healing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemical barriers in the body's defence against pathogens?

    <p>To produce chemicals that are toxic to pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>To attract immune cells to the site of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an inflammatory response in the affected tissue?

    <p>Increased temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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