Gallstones and Cholecystitis: Symptoms and Treatment

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What is the primary component of gallstones?

Bile salts

Cholesterol (correct)

Pancreatic lipase

Fat

What is the function of bile in the digestive process?

Regulate pH levels

Emulsify proteins

Emulsify fats (correct)

Break down carbohydrates

How does the liver recycle bile salts?

Stores bile salts in the gallbladder

Excretes bile salts through the hepatic vein

Reabsorbs bile salts through the enterohepatic circulation (correct)

Releases bile salts into the urinary system

What is the primary cause of cholecystitis?

Gallstone formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate ratio of arterial to venous blood supply to the liver?

25%:75% Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sphincter of Oddi?

Contracts during fasting to divert bile to the gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bile produced by the liver?

To facilitate the absorption of fats in the intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of bile circulation disruption?

Gallstone formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the liver in digestion, with regard to protein metabolism?

Synthesizing amino acids through transamination Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hepatic vein in the liver's circulatory system?

To drain blood into the inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

To destroy worn-out red and white blood cells and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hepatic portal circulation in relation to nutrient absorption?

To store and modify nutrients before release into the systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

To remove pathogens from the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the portal triad composed of?

Portal vein, bile duct, and portal artery Signup and view all the answers

What happens to toxins in the hepatic portal blood?

They are metabolized by hepatocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the liver in the circulation of bile?

To regulate the secretion of bile into the GI tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of blood flow in the hepatic portal circulation?

From the GI tract to the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?

To recognize and engulf foreign substances through phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of adaptive immunity?

It involves the recognition of specific antigens and memory cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune cell recognizes and binds to antigens on the surface of microbes?

B-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Ig(G) in the immune system?

To mark microbes for destruction by phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

To attract immune cells to the site of infection Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunoglobulin is associated with anaphylaxis?

Ig(E) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an encounter with a foreign substance in the adaptive immune response?

Humoral response Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of immunoglobulins in the immune response?

To recognize and bind to antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of memory B cells in the adaptive immune response?

To differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Ig(M) in the immune system?

To be the first to bind to and help destroy microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Ig(A) in the immune system?

To bind to antigens on mucosal surfaces and help remove them Signup and view all the answers

What is the site where T cells mature?

Thymus gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of adaptive immunity?

To give protection against specific pathogens and involves recognition and memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antigens on the cell membrane?

To help the immune response by indicating self-cells vs. foreign cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity is non-specific, while adaptive immunity is specific to certain pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chemical mediators released by cells during inflammation?

To cause changes that protect the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the immune system's self vs. non-self recognition?

To recognize self-cells and eliminate non-self cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity involves the recognition and memory of specific pathogens?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysozyme in sweat?

To break down bacterial cell walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

To attract immune cells to the site of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epithelial lining in the body?

To provide a physical barrier against infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of stomach acid in the immune response?

To directly kill foreign microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

To engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sweat in protecting the body against pathogens?

To flush away pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier in the body?

Stomach acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

To cause inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inflammation in the body?

To eliminate pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histamine in the immune response?

To cause inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the epidermis in the body's defence against pathogens?

To provide a physical barrier against invasion Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the body deals with an insult from physical or chemical agents and invasion by microbes?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response in the body?

To minimise the effects of injury or infection and promote regeneration and healing Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chemical barriers in the body's defence against pathogens?

To produce chemicals that are toxic to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

To attract immune cells to the site of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an inflammatory response in the affected tissue?

Increased temperature Signup and view all the answers

Gallstones and Cholecystitis: Symptoms and Treatment

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary component of gallstones?

What is the function of bile in the digestive process?

How does the liver recycle bile salts?

What is the primary cause of cholecystitis?

What is the approximate ratio of arterial to venous blood supply to the liver?

What is the function of the sphincter of Oddi?

What is the primary function of bile produced by the liver?

What is a potential consequence of bile circulation disruption?

What is the role of the liver in digestion, with regard to protein metabolism?

What is the function of the hepatic vein in the liver's circulatory system?

What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

What is the main function of the hepatic portal circulation in relation to nutrient absorption?

What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?

What is the portal triad composed of?

What happens to toxins in the hepatic portal blood?

What is the role of the liver in the circulation of bile?

What is the direction of blood flow in the hepatic portal circulation?

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?

What is the key characteristic of adaptive immunity?

What type of immune cell recognizes and binds to antigens on the surface of microbes?

What is the primary function of Ig(G) in the immune system?

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

Which type of immunoglobulin is associated with anaphylaxis?

What is the result of an encounter with a foreign substance in the adaptive immune response?

What is the function of immunoglobulins in the immune response?

What is the function of memory B cells in the adaptive immune response?

What is the primary function of Ig(M) in the immune system?

What is the function of Ig(A) in the immune system?

What is the site where T cells mature?

What is the main function of adaptive immunity?

What is the role of antigens on the cell membrane?

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

What is the function of chemical mediators released by cells during inflammation?

What is the purpose of the immune system's self vs. non-self recognition?

What type of immunity involves the recognition and memory of specific pathogens?

What is the primary function of lysozyme in sweat?

What is the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes?

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

What is the function of the epithelial lining in the body?

What is the primary function of stomach acid in the immune response?

What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

What is the role of sweat in protecting the body against pathogens?

What is the process by which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes?

Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier in the body?

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

What is the purpose of inflammation in the body?

What is the role of histamine in the immune response?

What is the primary function of the epidermis in the body's defence against pathogens?

What is the process by which the body deals with an insult from physical or chemical agents and invasion by microbes?

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response in the body?

What is the role of chemical barriers in the body's defence against pathogens?

What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

What is the result of an inflammatory response in the affected tissue?

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