53 Questions
What is the primary component of gallstones?
Cholesterol
What is the function of bile in the digestive process?
Emulsify fats
How does the liver recycle bile salts?
Reabsorbs bile salts through the enterohepatic circulation
What is the primary cause of cholecystitis?
Gallstone formation
What is the approximate ratio of arterial to venous blood supply to the liver?
25%:75%
What is the function of the sphincter of Oddi?
Contracts during fasting to divert bile to the gallbladder
What is the primary function of bile produced by the liver?
To facilitate the absorption of fats in the intestine
What is a potential consequence of bile circulation disruption?
Gallstone formation
What is the role of the liver in digestion, with regard to protein metabolism?
Synthesizing amino acids through transamination
What is the function of the hepatic vein in the liver's circulatory system?
To drain blood into the inferior vena cava
What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
To destroy worn-out red and white blood cells and bacteria
What is the main function of the hepatic portal circulation in relation to nutrient absorption?
To store and modify nutrients before release into the systemic circulation
What is the role of Kupffer cells in the liver?
To remove pathogens from the bloodstream
What is the portal triad composed of?
Portal vein, bile duct, and portal artery
What happens to toxins in the hepatic portal blood?
They are metabolized by hepatocytes
What is the role of the liver in the circulation of bile?
To regulate the secretion of bile into the GI tract
What is the direction of blood flow in the hepatic portal circulation?
From the GI tract to the liver
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
To recognize and engulf foreign substances through phagocytosis
What is the key characteristic of adaptive immunity?
It involves the recognition of specific antigens and memory cells
What type of immune cell recognizes and binds to antigens on the surface of microbes?
B-cells
What is the primary function of Ig(G) in the immune system?
To mark microbes for destruction by phagocytosis
What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
To attract immune cells to the site of infection
Which type of immunoglobulin is associated with anaphylaxis?
Ig(E)
What is the result of an encounter with a foreign substance in the adaptive immune response?
Humoral response
What is the function of immunoglobulins in the immune response?
To recognize and bind to antigens
What is the function of memory B cells in the adaptive immune response?
To differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
What is the primary function of Ig(M) in the immune system?
To be the first to bind to and help destroy microbes
What is the function of Ig(A) in the immune system?
To bind to antigens on mucosal surfaces and help remove them
What is the site where T cells mature?
Thymus gland
What is the main function of adaptive immunity?
To give protection against specific pathogens and involves recognition and memory
What is the role of antigens on the cell membrane?
To help the immune response by indicating self-cells vs. foreign cells
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is non-specific, while adaptive immunity is specific to certain pathogens
What is the function of chemical mediators released by cells during inflammation?
To cause changes that protect the body
What is the purpose of the immune system's self vs. non-self recognition?
To recognize self-cells and eliminate non-self cells
What type of immunity involves the recognition and memory of specific pathogens?
Adaptive immunity
What is the primary function of lysozyme in sweat?
To break down bacterial cell walls
What is the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes?
Phagocytosis
What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
To attract immune cells to the site of infection
What is the function of the epithelial lining in the body?
To provide a physical barrier against infection
What is the primary function of stomach acid in the immune response?
To directly kill foreign microbes
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
To engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes
What is the role of sweat in protecting the body against pathogens?
To flush away pathogens
What is the process by which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles and microbes?
Phagocytosis
Which of the following is an example of a chemical barrier in the body?
Stomach acid
What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?
To cause inflammation
What is the purpose of inflammation in the body?
To eliminate pathogens
What is the role of histamine in the immune response?
To cause inflammation
What is the primary function of the epidermis in the body's defence against pathogens?
To provide a physical barrier against invasion
What is the process by which the body deals with an insult from physical or chemical agents and invasion by microbes?
Inflammation
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response in the body?
To minimise the effects of injury or infection and promote regeneration and healing
What is the role of chemical barriers in the body's defence against pathogens?
To produce chemicals that are toxic to pathogens
What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?
To attract immune cells to the site of infection
What is the result of an inflammatory response in the affected tissue?
Increased temperature
Test your knowledge on gallstones and cholecystitis, including their formation, symptoms, and complications. Learn about the role of liver function in synthesizing bile salts and the importance of cholecystectomy in treatment.
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