أسئلة الثالثة كوميونتي حورس

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to be directly associated with the development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?

Presence of islet cell antibodies.
Diet high in saturated fats and cholesterol. (correct)
Coxsackie B virus infection.
Early introduction of cow's milk.

In the context of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), what is the primary significance of detecting antibodies against pancreatic tissue years before the onset of the disease?

It confirms the presence of insulin resistance, a key feature of Type 2 DM.
It suggests a rapidly progressing viral infection that directly destroys beta cells.
It signifies a high risk of developing Type 1 DM due to ongoing autoimmune destruction. (correct)
It indicates an advanced stage of the disease requiring immediate insulin therapy.

A child with a first-degree relative with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is being considered for antibody screening. Which antibody marker is most widely used to assess the risk of developing Type 1 DM?

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA).
Islet cell antibodies (ICA). (correct)
Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (ATA).
Smooth muscle antibodies (SMA).

Which of the following environmental factors is least associated with triggering type 1 diabetes?

Thiazide diuretics (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a pair of identical twins are discordant for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), meaning one twin has the condition and the other does not, what percentage represents the likelihood of the second twin developing T1DM?

40-50% (A) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating potential environmental triggers for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Which of the following substances, commonly found in smoked and preserved foods, should they consider as a potential risk factor?

Nitrosamines (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least associated with the 'intrauterine environment' and its effect on diabetes?

Antibody screening recommendations for the mother. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage is accounted for by genetic susceptibility to Type 1 DM of total disease susceptibility?

40-80% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is least likely to directly induce diabetes?

Acute bacterial infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with increased urination, excessive thirst, and unexplained hunger. According to WHO criteria, which fasting glucose level would confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?

7.2 mmol/L (130 mg/dL) (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient has a fasting glucose of 6.3 mmol/L and a 2-hour glucose of 8.2 mmol/L after an oral glucose tolerance test. How would you classify this patient?

Impaired glucose tolerance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary underlying issue in type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Absolute deficiency of insulin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered least influential in the development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Lifestyle (C) Signup and view all the answers

Compared to type 1 diabetes, how would you characterize the heritability of type 2 diabetes?

Significantly higher (A) Signup and view all the answers

If the incidence of diabetes mellitus in children under 15 is increasing annually by approximately 3.4%, what is the most likely implication for healthcare systems?

Increased demand for resources specialized in pediatric diabetes care. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is the expected trend in the number of adults worldwide with diabetes mellitus by 2030?

Increase to 370 million (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic primarily differentiates Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) from Type 2 DM?

The underlying etiology, with Type 1 DM involving destruction of pancreatic β-cells. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Prediabetes is characterized by blood sugar levels that are:

Higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes impaired fasting glucose (IFG) from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)?

IFG refers to elevated blood sugar levels after an overnight fast, while IGT refers to elevated levels after a glucose tolerance test. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is diabetes mellitus considered a significant public health concern?

It is associated with premature mortality, high morbidity, and substantial economic and social costs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding gestational diabetes is most accurate?

It is diagnosed in the 2nd or 3rd trimester and may improve after delivery. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), which fasting blood sugar level would be expected?

Between 110-125 mg/dL (D) Signup and view all the answers

Egypt is identified by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) as:

The 9th leading country in the world for the number of patients with Type 2 DM. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with diabetes during the second trimester of pregnancy. Postpartum, her blood glucose levels return to normal. Which statement is most accurate regarding her future health risks?

She is at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST effective primary prevention strategy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in a community with a high prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles?

Implementing a community-based exercise program coupled with nutritional education focusing on reducing carbohydrate and fat intake. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A pregnant woman with excessive weight gain during her pregnancy is identified as high risk for Type 2 DM. Which of the following nutritional recommendations is MOST appropriate for her?

Promote adequate nutrition with an emphasis on high-fiber foods, minimized carbohydrate consumption, and healthy fats. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of preventing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which strategy targets environmental triggers rather than directly addressing the autoimmune process?

Implementing mass MMR immunization programs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions represents a secondary prevention strategy for Type 2 DM?

Screening adults aged 45 and older for DM, particularly those with risk factors like obesity or family history. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the PRIMARY aim of tertiary prevention strategies in the management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?

To prevent or slow the progression of complications associated with DM. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A community health program aims to reduce the incidence of Type 2 DM. Which initiative would be MOST effective in achieving this goal?

Offering subsidized gym memberships and nutritional counseling to individuals at high risk due to obesity and family history. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a general prevention measure against viral infections to prevent Type 1 DM?

Promoting hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A 45-year-old individual with a family history of Type 2 DM and a BMI of 30 $\text{kg/m}^2$ visits a clinic. Which screening test would be MOST appropriate to perform initially, according to the guidelines?

Fasting blood glucose test. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) and Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)?

IFG involves elevated fasting blood sugar levels, whereas IGT involves elevated blood sugar levels after a glucose tolerance test. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the global impact of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which factor contributes LEAST to its classification as a significant public health concern?

Its relatively low prevalence compared to other chronic diseases. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is diagnosed with diabetes during the second trimester of pregnancy and the condition resolves after delivery, which statement is MOST accurate concerning her future health risks?

She has an increased risk of developing Type 2 DM later in life. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is least likely to be associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Destruction of β-cells (insulin producing) of Langerhans in pancreas. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a community-based intervention aimed at preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which strategy would likely have the MOST significant impact?

Implementing population-wide programs promoting healthy diets and regular physical activity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus most distinctly?

The underlying pathophysiology; Type 1 involves insulin deficiency, while Type 2 involves insulin resistance. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In managing diabetes, what is the primary goal of tertiary prevention strategies?

Reducing complications and improving the quality of life for individuals with established diabetes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, where does the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) rank Egypt in terms of the number of patients with Type 2 DM?

9th (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) prevention, why is antibody screening restricted to at-risk groups, such as first-degree relatives of cases?

Because the predictive value of antibody markers is significantly lower in the general population compared to at-risk groups. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the multifactorial etiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), which intervention strategy would be MOST comprehensive in preventing the disease?

Develop targeted therapies to modulate T-cell activity in individuals with high-risk HLA genotypes and confirmed islet autoantibodies. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to investigate the interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers in the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Which study design would provide the MOST robust evidence for this interaction?

A longitudinal cohort study monitoring the development of islet autoantibodies and the incidence of Type 1 DM in genetically predisposed children exposed to varying levels of nitrosamines. (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a novel virus is suspected of triggering Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in genetically predisposed individuals, which immunological mechanism would provide the most compelling evidence for this causal relationship?

Molecular mimicry between viral antigens and pancreatic beta-cell proteins, leading to autoimmune destruction of beta cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In a population with high rates of consanguinity and limited access to diverse food sources, which nutritional intervention would be MOST effective in reducing the risk of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) among infants and young children?

Promotion of breastfeeding for at least the first year of life, coupled with delayed introduction of cow's milk and gluten-containing foods. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A public health initiative aims to reduce the incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) through primary prevention. Which of the following strategies would be the MOST appropriate for this initiative?

Promoting vaccination programs against viral infections known to trigger autoimmune responses in genetically susceptible individuals. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Given that a significant portion of total disease susceptibility to Type 1 DM is attributed to genetic factors, what is the most accurate interpretation of the genetic influence?

While genetics play a substantial role, gene-environment interactions are crucial in determining disease manifestation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the limited success in preventing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), what is the most significant obstacle hindering effective prevention strategies?

The incomplete understanding of the specific environmental triggers and their interactions with genetic susceptibility. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus (DM) according to WHO criteria, a patient with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) would present with which of the following glucose levels?

Fasting glucose < 7 mmol/L and 2-hour glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L (D) Signup and view all the answers

If both genetic predisposition and environmental factors contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, which statement best characterizes their interaction?

Type 2 DM arises from a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, lifestyle, and environmental elements. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Considering the rising incidence of diabetes mellitus in children under 15, what far-reaching implication should be of paramount concern to health policy makers?

A potential surge in the prevalence of diabetes-related complications at an earlier age. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosis, what is the significance of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% as recommended by the American Diabetes Association?

It serves as an alternative diagnostic criterion, reflecting average plasma glucose concentration over several months. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the genetic component of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Type 2 DM has a higher heritability than Type 1 DM. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a classical symptom of Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?

Polyuria (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is suspected of having diabetes insipidus. Which test is most appropriate to differentiate diabetes insipidus from diabetes mellitus?

Urinalysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies represents the most comprehensive approach to preventing viral infections as a means of reducing the risk of Type 1 DM?

Implementing mass MMR immunization programs alongside general hygiene and sanitation measures. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST critical consideration when identifying high-risk groups for Type 2 DM in a primary prevention program?

Considering a combination of factors, including family history, obesity, premature atherosclerosis, and excessive gestational weight gain. (D) Signup and view all the answers

For a community-based intervention aimed at preventing Type 2 DM through nutritional education, which dietary recommendation reflects the most balanced and sustainable approach?

Recommending a diet rich in high-fiber foods, moderate in mono-unsaturated fats, and limited in carbohydrate consumption. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In designing a secondary prevention program for Type 2 DM, which screening strategy would be the most practical and effective for early case finding in a high-risk population?

Screening all adults over 40 or 50 years of age, with earlier and more frequent screening for those with risk factors like obesity or family history. (D) Signup and view all the answers

When implementing tertiary prevention strategies for Diabetes Mellitus (DM), what specific action demonstrates a focus on mitigating long-term complications?

Achieving even a small reduction in HbA1c levels through lifestyle modifications and/or medication. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions would MOST effectively promote healthy lifestyles to prevent Type 2 DM within a community?

Implementing workplace wellness programs that include subsidized gym memberships and healthy meal options. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In premarital counseling for couples to prevent Type 2 DM in future generations, what approach is MOST appropriate?

Advising against consanguineous marriages and educating the couple on genetic risks, while promoting healthy lifestyle choices. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which test provides the most comprehensive assessment for secondary prevention of diabetes?

Glucose tolerance test (GTT) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

A group of metabolic diseases with hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion/action.

Prediabetes

Blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes.