Fungi Overview and Classification
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of vegetative growth in fungi?

  • Asexual spores (correct)
  • Fragmentation
  • Budding
  • Fission

Which of the following statements correctly compares the cell types of fungi and bacteria?

  • Fungi are eukaryotic, while bacteria are prokaryotic. (correct)
  • Fungi are prokaryotic, while bacteria are eukaryotic.
  • Both are eukaryotic.
  • Both are prokaryotic.

What is the term for the mass of hyphae that forms the fungal colony?

  • Conidiophore
  • Mycelium (correct)
  • Coenocytic
  • Septum

Which type of spores are produced asexually at the tip of a specialized hypha?

<p>Conidia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between moniliaceous and dematiaceous molds?

<p>Dematiaceous molds are pigmented, while moniliaceous molds are hyaline or lightly pigmented. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cell wall composition of fungi is correct?

<p>Fungi have glucans, mannans, and chitin in their cell walls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is known for synthesizing penicillin?

<p>Penicillium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process is fungi primarily associated with?

<p>Heterotrophic and aerobic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do fungi primarily use for asexual reproduction?

<p>Mitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions contributes to a fungus being pathogenic?

<p>Ability to survive in tissue environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infectious agents are primarily responsible for mycotic infections?

<p>Fungi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the small airborne particles produced by fungi for reproduction called?

<p>Spores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fungi typically causes superficial infections and allergic reactions in humans?

<p>Pathogenic fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do fungi primarily secrete enzymes to digest tissues?

<p>Vegetative phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do fungal strains need to do to successfully fuse and form a transient diploid?

<p>Fusion of compatible strains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of asexual reproduction do molds primarily utilize?

<p>Fragmentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mycotic infection is primarily limited to the outer layers of skin and hair?

<p>Superficial infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Tinea diseases primarily associated with?

<p>Skin infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a representative agent of cutaneous infections?

<p>Trichophyton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subcutaneous infections are caused primarily by which type of factors?

<p>Open wound exposure to fungi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections originate primarily in the lungs and can lead to systemic symptoms?

<p>Systemic infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of medical mycology?

<p>Study of medically important fungi and their diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungi is typically associated with systemic mycoses?

<p>Histoplasma capsulatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'mycoses'?

<p>A disease caused by a fungus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which predisposing factor is known to increase the risk of mycotic disease?

<p>Chronic diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms is communicable from human to human?

<p>Candida (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of fungi indicates that they cannot produce their own food?

<p>Heterotrophic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the cell walls of fungi?

<p>They contain rigid cell walls made of chitin and complex carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of dimorphic fungi?

<p>They can exist in two different forms depending on environmental conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following ways can fungi be classified?

<p>By their habitat and mode of nutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hyphae is correct?

<p>Hyphae are multicellular filamentous structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship do symbiotic fungi have with other organisms?

<p>Mutually beneficial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common reproductive method for yeasts?

<p>Budding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nutrition do fungi exhibit when they feed on dead organic matter?

<p>Saprobic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Candida albicans is an example of which type of organism?

<p>Dimorphic yeast. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances are targeted for the diagnosis of fungal infections?

<p>Mannan and glucan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature is Saccharomyces cerevisiae most commonly cultured?

<p>25° C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the mass of hyphae that forms the colony of filamentous fungi?

<p>Mycelium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Pseudohyphae is true?

<p>They resemble hyphae but are not true hyphae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a pathogenic filamentous fungi?

<p>Aspergillus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by collections of modified epithelial cells and lymphocytes?

<p>Granulomatous inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a nonspecific defense against fungi?

<p>Antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antifungal is commonly used for systemic infections?

<p>Amphotericin B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in controlling communicable fungal diseases?

<p>Difficulty in achieving sanitary control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which topical antifungal agents may be used against superficial dermatophytes?

<p>Miconazole and Clotrimazole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a fungus?

A eukaryotic organism that lacks chlorophyll and feeds on dead or living tissues.

Mycology

The study of fungi, including their characteristics, diseases, and uses.

Mycoses

Fungal diseases.

Saprobic fungi

Fungi that feed on dead organic matter.

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Parasitic fungi

Fungi that obtain nutrients from a living host causing disease.

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Heterotrophic nature of fungi

Fungi rely on external sources of food, as they can't make their own food.

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Cell wall of fungi

The cell wall of fungi is composed of complex carbohydrates like mannan and glucan.

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Medical Mycology

The study of medically important fungi and their diseases.

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Yeast morphology

Unicellular, budding organisms, with a colony form.

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Filamentous Fungi morphology

Multicellular, filamentous organisms, with a mycelium colony and hyphae.

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Dimorphic fungi

Fungi that exist in two forms (mold and yeast) as per environmental factors.

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Hyphae

Long, branching filaments forming the body of a mold.

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Mycelium

The interwoven mass of hyphae, forming the visible colony of a mold.

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Conidia/Spores

Reproductive structures of mold fungi, often dispersed to create new colonies.

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Pseudohyphae

Yeast structures that look like hyphae, but are not true hyphae.

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Candida albicans

A type of yeast, frequently found in normal flora and can cause disease.

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Septate hyphae

Fungal hyphae divided into segments by walls.

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Nonseptate hyphae

Fungal hyphae without cross walls.

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Conidia

Asexual spores produced by fungi at hypha tips.

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Fungal Colony

A mass of hyphae in a fungal body.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, like fungi.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, like bacteria.

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Superficial Mycoses

Fungal infections limited to the outer layers of skin and hair, usually causing cosmetic issues.

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Cutaneous Mycoses

Fungal infections that affect the deeper epidermis, hair, and nails, causing diseases like Tinea and Dermatophycoses.

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Subcutaneous Mycoses

Fungal infections that involve the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle, often originating from implantation in the skin.

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Systemic Mycoses

Fungal infections that start in the lungs and can spread to other organs, often causing pulmonary symptoms and granulomas.

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Opportunistic Mycoses

Fungal infections that affect various body sites and are more likely to occur in people with weakened immune systems.

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Tinea

A general term for fungal infections of the skin.

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Dermatophycoses

Fungal infections of hair and nails.

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Fungal Reproduction

Fungi can reproduce asexually through mitotic cell division, involving spores or hyphal fragmentation. They can also reproduce sexually through fusion of compatible strains, resulting in meiosis and the formation of sexual spores.

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Asexual Fungal Reproduction

This involves mitotic cell division and results in offspring genetically identical to the parent. Examples include spore formation and hyphal fragmentation.

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Sexual Fungal Reproduction

This involves the fusion of two compatible fungal strains, followed by meiosis, which leads to the production of genetically diverse offspring.

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Fungal Spores

Small, airborne particles that fungi use for reproduction. They can cause diseases in humans.

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Pathogenic Fungi

Fungi that cause disease in humans. They can cause superficial infections, allergic reactions, and even invasive infections.

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Requirements for Pathogenic Fungi

To cause disease, fungi need thermotolerance, the ability to survive in tissues, and the ability to withstand host defenses.

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Mycotic Infections

Diseases caused by fungi.

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Diversity of Mycotic Agents

Many different genera and species of fungi can cause human diseases.

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Fungal Tissue Responses

Fungi cause three distinct tissue responses: chronic inflammation (scarring, lymphocytes), granulomatous inflammation (epithelial cells, lymphocytes), and acute suppurative inflammation (vascular congestion, plasma, PMNs).

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Nonspecific Host Defenses

These defenses protect against a broad range of pathogens, including fungi. They involve barriers like skin, mucous membranes, and internal factors like macrophages and blood components.

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Specific Host Defenses

These defenses target specific pathogens, including specific fungi. They involve both humoral (antibodies) and cell-mediated (T cells) immunity.

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Fungal Control: Sanitary

Good hygiene practices can help reduce the spread of fungal infections but complete prevention is difficult.

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Fungal Control: Antifungals

Antifungal medications are available for treatment, but some can be toxic and require careful administration.

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Study Notes

Fungi Overview

  • Fungi are eukaryotes, not prokaryotes
  • Fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they don't produce their own food.
  • Fungi have a cell wall made of chitin.
  • Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular.
  • Mycology is the study of fungi.
  • Medical mycology focuses on medically important fungi and fungal diseases.
  • Mycoses are diseases caused by fungi.
  • Fungi can be saprobic (feeding on dead matter), symbiotic (mutually beneficial relationships), or parasitic (feeding on living tissue).
  • Some fungi have chlorophyll and are achlorophyllous.
  • Fungi are important in decomposing organic matter.
  • Mannan and glucan are fungal components used in diagnostics.

Learning Objectives

  • Students will learn basic characteristics of fungi.
  • Students will learn how to classify fungi and fungal diseases.

Fungal Classification

  • Fungi are part of the Eukarya domain, which includes organisms with a nucleus.
  • Fungi are categorized into different groups based on their structure and characteristics.
  • Types of fungi include algae, protozoa, fungi (unicellular or multicellular), and helminths (multicellular parasites).
  • Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.
  • Viruses, viroids, and prions are non-living infectious agents.

Morphology

  • Yeasts: Unicellular forms of fungi, often oval or round.
  • Some grow as round oval structures.
  • Some grow as filaments.
  • Filamentous Fungi (Molds): Multicellular fungi that appear as long thread-like structures called hyphae.
  • Hyphae combine to form a network called mycelium.
  • Varying types of spores.
  • Dimorphic Fungi: Fungi that can exist in two forms (yeast or mold form) depending on environmental cues, such as temperature.

Reproduction

  • Fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.
  • Asexual reproduction involves mitotic cell division to produce spores (budding or hyphal fragmentation)
  • Sexual reproduction in most pathogenic fungi is comparatively rare.
  • Sexual reproduction involves fusion of compatible strains of the same species and then undergoing meiosis to form spores.

Pathogenicity

  • Fungi can cause various diseases in humans.
  • Some fungi cause superficial infections (e.g., skin and hair).
  • Some fungi cause cutaneous infections (e.g., epidermis, hair, nails).
  • Some fungi cause subcutaneous infections (e.g., dermis and subcutaneous tissues).
  • Some fungi cause systemic infections (e.g., lungs and other organs).
  • Not all fungi are pathogenic; some play beneficial roles in environments.
  • Fungi can be pathogenic due to thermotolerance, ability to survive within tissue and ability to resist host defenses.
  • Spores can spread infections.

Mycotic Infections

  • The types of mycotic infections are determined by location and type of host response(s).
  • Superficial infections, which are usually cosmetic, may involve the skin or hair, and are not commonly life-threatening.
  • Cutaneous infections target the epidermis, hair and nails.
  • Subcutaneous infections can involve the dermis, subcutaneous tissues, and muscles, and may be caused by implanted fungi.
  • Systemic infections may spread throughout the body starting from lungs, and include host responses of granuloma formation or calcified lesions.

Control

  • Sanitation is hard to apply, but hygiene can help reduce communicable diseases from fungi.
  • There are not many vaccines for fungal infections.
  • Anti-fungals can be toxic to the host, so should be used cautiously.
  • Various antifungal creams for superficial infections are available.
  • Systemic infections may need more aggressive treatment, such as Amphotericin B or other anti-fungals.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of fungi, their characteristics, and the various types that exist. This quiz will enhance your understanding of mycology, its medical aspects, and the ecological importance of fungi. Test your knowledge on fungal classification and diseases!

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