Medical Mycology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which diagnostic method utilizes ultraviolet rays to aid clinical diagnosis?

  • Serological diagnosis
  • Woods light examination (correct)
  • Direct microscopic examination
  • Blood culture
  • What is a primary source of endogenous Candida infection?

  • Skin trauma
  • Weather conditions
  • Presence as normal flora (correct)
  • Sexual intercourse
  • Which of the following is NOT a clinical manifestation of Candida infections?

  • Vaginitis
  • Oral thrush
  • Acne vulgaris (correct)
  • Paronychia
  • What is the result of prolonged use of certain medications in relation to Candida infections?

    <p>Immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections can be caused by Candida?

    <p>Urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is found in the fungal cell wall?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of metabolism do most fungi predominantly exhibit?

    <p>Aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal temperature range for fungal growth?

    <p>25 – 30 ºC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do yeasts typically reproduce?

    <p>Budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fungi exists in both yeast and mold forms depending on environmental conditions?

    <p>Dimorphic fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hyphae grow above the surface of media and carry spores?

    <p>Aerial Hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sexual reproduction of fungi, what is involved?

    <p>Union of two nuclei or sex cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do fungi generally prefer for growth?

    <p>Acidic media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of reproduction for fungi?

    <p>Asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mycoses is caused by the organism Candida?

    <p>Candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungus is commonly associated with superficial mycosis?

    <p>Dermatophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT typically used for the diagnosis of fungal infections?

    <p>Serological testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sample is NOT typically used for the diagnosis of fungal infections?

    <p>Urine samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of adding chloramphenicol and cyclohexamide to Sabouraud's dextrose agar?

    <p>To inhibit saprophytic fungal contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mycosis occurs in immunocompromised hosts?

    <p>Opportunistic mycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain is used for a stained preparation in the diagnosis of fungal infections?

    <p>Lactophenol cotton blue stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fungal Cell Structure

    • Fungal cell walls contain glucan and chitin.
    • Cell membranes are characterized by the presence of sterols.
    • Fungi are classified into yeast, mold, yeast-like, and dimorphic forms.
    • Fungi reproduce via sexual and asexual means.

    Fungal Metabolism

    • Aerobic metabolism is present in all fungi; some can also survive as facultative anaerobes.
    • Optimal growth temperature ranges from 25 to 30 ºC, aligning with their saprophytic lifestyle.
    • Fungi can thrive in a wide range of pH (2–9), generally favoring acidic environments.

    Classification of Fungi

    • Yeasts are unicellular and reproduce by budding, resulting in pseudohyphae.
    • Examples include Cryptococcus neoformans for yeasts and Candidiasis for candida.
    • Moulds are filamentous fungi, with hyphae being either septated or non-septated.
    • Dimorphic fungi exhibit two morphological forms: yeast and hyphae, like Histoplasma capsulatum.

    Fungal Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two nuclei or gametes.
    • Asexual reproduction is predominant and occurs via fragmentation of hyphae or budding, leading to individual fungi.

    Mycosis Naming

    • Mycosis is named after the causative organism, e.g., Candidiasis, Aspergillosis, Cryptococcosis, and Histoplasmosis.
    • Mycosis can also be categorized based on the site of infection, such as pulmonary mycosis.

    Types of Human Mycosis

    • Categories include superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic infections.
    • Opportunistic infections primarily affect immunocompromised individuals, usually entering through inhalation of spores or direct implantation.

    Diagnosis of Fungal Infections

    • Samples are collected based on infection sites such as skin, hair, and nails.
    • Direct microscopic preparation uses KOH (10-30%) for unstained samples and lactophenol cotton blue for stained preparations.
    • Fungi can be isolated through culture on media such as Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) or SDA supplemented with chloramphenicol and cyclohexamide to inhibit contaminants.

    Diagnosis Techniques

    • Woods light examination detects fungal infections via fluorescent reactions to ultraviolet rays.
    • Serological diagnosis, including ELISA, is utilized for candidal infections.

    Source and Predisposing Factors of Infection

    • Endogenous sources arise from normal flora present in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.
    • Exogenous sources can occur through sexual contact.
    • Predisposing factors include age extremes, immunosuppression (due to pregnancy, diabetes, or immunosuppressive drugs), and traumatic conditions like catheterization.

    Clinical Manifestations of Candidiasis

    • Mucocutaneous infections may include oral thrush and vaginitis.
    • Cutaneous infections manifest in areas like the napkin region in babies and can include nail infections.
    • Systemic infections can affect urinary tracts, lead to endocarditis, CNS infections like meningitis, and systemic placements like septicemia and fungemia.

    Laboratory Diagnosis of Candidiasis

    • Microscopic examination is done using KOH for unstained samples or lactophenol cotton blue for stained samples to detect yeast cells and pseudohyphae.
    • Culturing on SDA helps isolate candida.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of Medical Mycology, including the structures and classifications of fungi. Topics covered include eukaryotic fungal cell walls, yeast, molds, and dimorphic fungi. Ideal for students of medical microbiology.

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