Fundamentos Teóricos en Psicología

General Information

• Document title: DESARROLLO-RESUMEN.pdf
• User: 5215811
• Course: 1º Grado en Psicología
• Faculty: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
• University: Universidad Internacional de La Rioja
• Course topic: Development of Psychomotor, Cognitive and Linguistic abilities.

Topic 1: Theoretical Foundations

• Psychoanalytic Perspective (Sigmund Freud):

  • Human behavior is shaped by unconscious forces.
  • Psychosexual development: progression through stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) where pleasure-seeking drives shift from one erogenous zone to another.
  • Three parts of personality:
    • Id (pleasure principle): immediate satisfaction of desires.
    • Ego (reality principle): mediates between Id and reality to achieve delayed gratification.
    • Superego: internalized societal values leading to guilt or anxiety.

• Behavioral Perspective:

  • Development is a product of learned associations.
  • Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov): associating a stimulus with a response.
  • Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner): behaviors are strengthened or weakened by consequences.
  • Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura): emphasizes observational learning and modeling.

• Cognitive Perspective (Jean Piaget):

  • Stages of cognitive development:
    • Sensorimotor (0-2 years): infants learn through sensory and motor exploration
    • Preoperational (2-7 years): symbolic thought emerges, but lack logical reasoning
    • Concrete Operational (7-11 years): logical reasoning develops, but is limited to concrete objects.
    • Formal Operational (11+ years): abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning emerge.

• Sociocultural Perspective (Lev Vygotsky):

  • Development is a social process deeply influenced by culture.
  • Zone of Proximal Development: the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance and support.
  • Language as a key tool driving cognitive growth.

• Information Processing Theory:

  • Compares the brain to a computer.
  • Emphasizes the mental processes involved in learning and memory.

Topic 2: Life Span Development

• Ecological Systems Theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner):

  • Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem, Ontosystem
  • Individual's development is embedded within multiple interacting contexts.

• Normative Influences:

  • Age-graded influences affect most people in a particular age group.
  • History-graded influences affect a particular cohort or generation over time.

• Non-normative Influences:

  • Unusual or unique events in an individual's life that can shape their development.

Topic 3: Methodology of Investigation

• Research designs:

  • Experimental, descriptive, correlational, longitudinal, cross-sectional, sequential.

• Ethical considerations in research:

  • Informed consent, confidentiality, respect for autonomy, review by ethics committees.

Topic 4: Evaluation and Assessment of Developmental Disorders

• Diagnostic approaches:

  • Etiological diagnosis, categorical diagnosis, functional diagnosis.

• Assessment tools:

  • Interviews, questionnaires, observations, projective techniques.

Topic 5: Prenatal Development

• Germinal stage: first two weeks after conception. Cell division and implantation in the uterus.

• Embryonic stage: weeks 3-8. Major organs and body structures begin to develop.

• Fetal stage: weeks 9-birth. Continued growth, development and maturation of body systems.

Topic 6: Perinatal Development

• Critical periods: time periods in development when certain aspects must develop for typical development to occur

• Prenatal assessment: Techniques like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling to identify potential problems before birth.

• Gestational stages: (First, Second, Third)

• Risk factors for complications: Complications from pregnancy and birth.

Topic 7: Language Development

• Stages of speech/language development

Topic 8: Perceptual-Cognitive Development

• Sensory development: Stages of how senses develop

• Cognitive development: stages and processes (attention, memory, perception)

• Role of experience/practice: How things learned impact development of these processes.

Topic 9: Adolescent Cognitive Development

• Cognitive advancements in adolescence: (reasoning, problem-solving, moral reasoning)

Topic 10: Cognitive and Linguistic Development in Adulthood and Aging

• Cognitive changes in adulthood and aging: (memory, attention, intelligence).

• Factors influencing cognitive aging: (health, lifestyle, education)

• Strategies for supporting cognitive health: (exercise, mental stimulation)